The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has to address the challenges faced by children in the digital era. Examine the existing policies and suggest measures the Commission can initiate to tackle the issue.

What are environmental pressure groups? Discuss their role in raising awareness, influencing policies and advocating for environmental protection in India.

Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted the fiscal federalism in India?

Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA.

Indian Constitution has conferred the amending power on the ordinary legislative institutions with a few procedural hurdles. In view of this statement, examine the procedural and substantive limitations on the amending power of the Parliament to change the Constitution.

"Constitutional morality is the fulcrum which acts as an essential check upon the high functionaries and citizens alike…."
In view of the above observation of the Supreme Court, explain the concept of constitutional morality and its application to ensure balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in India.

"The Attorney General of India plays a crucial role in guiding the legal framework of the Union Government and ensuring sound governance through legal counsel." Discuss his responsibilities, rights and limitations in this regard.

Discuss the nature of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019. Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Assembly of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Compare and contrast the President's power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are preemptive pardons?

Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021.

Discuss the 'corrupt practices' for the purpose of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Analyze whether the increase in the assets of the legislators and/or their associates, disproportionate to their known sources of income, would constitute 'undue influence' and consequently a corrupt practice.

Discuss India as a secular state and compare it with the secular principles of the US constitution.

Explain the reasons for the growth of PILs in India. As a result of it, has the India supreme court emerged as the most powerful judiciary?

What changes has the union government recently introduced in the domain of center- state relations ? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the center and the states and for strengthening federalism.

Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.

Analyze the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.

"The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety." Comment.

"The growth of the cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalization of parliamentary supremacy." Elucidate.

Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?

Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to the “one nation-one election” principle.

“The constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.

Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to parliamentary sovereignty.

Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committee helped in the institutionalisation of Indian Parliament.

Explain the significance of the 101st constitutional amendment act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism.

Account for legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using article 356 by the union government mid-1990s.

Discuss the role of presiding officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices.

The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially. Comment.

Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment.

Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct.

While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy.” Comment.

Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.

Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision ? Refer to the case laws.

Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body.

Discuss the role of the Vice –Presidents of India as the chairman of the Rajyasabha

To what extent, in your opinion, as the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?

“Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. “ Comment.

“The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.

Do Department -related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples.

Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations

Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures

The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation(CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various States. However, the power of States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India.

To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India?

How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the states to improve their fiscal position?

Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness.

‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions.

Which steps are required for constitutionalisation of a commission? Do you think imparting constitutionality to the national commission for women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons.

Rajyasabha has been transformed from a ‘useless Stepney tire’ to the most useful supportive organ in the past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as areas in which this transformation could be visible.

The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘functions, functionaries and funds’ to the contemporary stage of’ functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times.

Judicial legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of a large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities.

The Indian Constitution exhibits centralizing tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts.

Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India.

The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices.

How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer.

Recent amendments to the Right toInformation Act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss.

There is a need for simplification of Procedure for
disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt
practices under the Representation of Peoples
Act”.Comment

Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national
the lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has
adversely impacted the quality of debates
and their outcome.

The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser
and lawyer of the Government of India. Discuss

The reservation of seats for women in the
institutions of local self-government have had a
limited impact on the patriarchal character of the
Indian Political Process.

Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is
limited and it cannot be enlarged into absolute
power.” In light of this statement explain whether
Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution
can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution
by expanding its amending power.

On what grounds a people’s representative can be
disqualified under the Representation of People
Act, 1951? Also, mention the remedies available
to such a person against his disqualification.

There is a growing divergence in the relationship
between poverty and hunger in India. The
shrinking of social expenditure by the government
is forcing the poor to spend more on non-food
essential items squeezing their food –
budget.- Elucidate.

Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India
still goes with the lowest indicators of human
development. Examine the issues that make
balanced and inclusive development elusive.

What can France learn from the Indian
Constitution’s approach to secularism?

From the resolution of contentious issues
regarding the distribution of legislative powers by
the courts, the ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’
and ‘Harmonious Construction’ has emerged.

What are the methods used by the Farmer's
organizations to influence the policy-makers in India
and how effective are these methods?

The Central Administration Tribunal which was
established for the redressal of grievances and
complaints by or against the central government
employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as
an independent judicial authority.

Do you think that the constitution of India does
not accept the principle of strict separation of
powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks
and balance’?

Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to problems of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case.

Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects?

How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.

India and the USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based.

How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.

Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.

“The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise.

Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee

Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?

Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.

In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections?

Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face in both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.

To enhance the quality of democracy in India the The Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful?

The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint sessions of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof.

Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy.

Explain the salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for the common national market for goods and services’?

To ensure the effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme.

Discuss the role of the Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people.

How do pressure groups influence the Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years?

Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.

Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘The National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.

The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.

What is the quasi-judicial body? Explain
with the help of concrete examples.

Did the Government of India Act, of
1935 lay down a federal constitution?
Discuss.

What was held in the Coelho case? In
this context, can you say that judicial
review is of key importance amongst
the basic features of the Constitution?

Discuss each adjective attached to the
word ‘Republic’ in the ‘Preamble’. Are
they defendable in the present
circumstances?

Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation
to the accounts of the Union and the
States is derived from Article 149 of
the Indian Constitution. Discuss
whether an audit of the Government’s
policy implementation could amount
to overstepping its own (CAG)
jurisdiction.

The Indian party system is passing
through a phase of transition which
looks to be full of contradictions and
paradoxes. Discuss.

To what extent is Article 370 of the
Indian Constitution, bearing marginal
note “temporary provision with respect
to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”,
temporary? Discuss the future
prospects of this provision in the
context of Indian polity.

Discuss the essentials of the 69th
Constitutional Amendment Act and
anomalies, if any, that have led to
recent reported conflicts between the
elected representatives and the
institution of the Lieutenant Governor
in the administration of Delhi. Do you
think that this will give rise to a new
trend in the functioning of Indian
federal politics?

To achieve the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of experiences in the recent past.

If an amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect. Critically Evaluate.

Examine critically the recent changes in the rule governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.

Does the right to a clean environment entail legal regulation on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and judgements of the apex in this regard.

What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1966 through the recent ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss.

Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern about the violation of the spirit of separation of power doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate, analyse whether the decision of the Supreme Court on the issue has further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate the ordinances be repealed?

Khap panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and judiciary to set things right in this regard.

In the absence of well educated and organised local-level government system,
Panchayats and Samitis have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance
. Critically Discuss.

The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasised in recent years.
Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.

Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform
civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation, assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards.

The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for the obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators.

The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far is the efficacy of a government then inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss.

Instances of the President's delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse

What do you understand about the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.

The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of uncodified and unenumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed?

Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism.

Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.

‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.

Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances.

Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.

The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on the arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically.

Recent directives from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.

Discuss Section 66A of the IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.

The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result, healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?