Subject: Indian Polity

Centralization versus state autonomy remains a contentious issue in Indian politics, reflecting the ongoing debate between cooperative federalism and competitive federalism.

Historical Context and Evolution

• The origins trace back to the Government of India Act 1935 which established provincial autonomy while retaining central control.
• Post-independence, national parties like Congress traditionally favored a strong center for:
  • Maintaining national unity and integrity.
  • Implementing uniform development policies.
  • Managing inter-state disputes effectively.

National Parties' Stance on Centralization

• BJP's Approach:
  • Advocates "One Nation, One Election" policy.
  • Promotes centralized schemes like PM-KISAN and Ayushman Bharat.
  • Supports uniform policies like GST and NEET.
• Congress's Historical Position:
  • Implemented centralized planning through Five Year Plans.
  • Used Article 356 frequently during its rule.
  • Established institutions like NITI Aayog with central oversight.

Regional Parties' Push for Autonomy

• Recent Supreme Court judgments (2024-25) have strengthened state powers:
  • Upholding West Bengal's suit against CBI intervention.
  • Ruling against Tamil Nadu Governor's withholding of assent to bills.
  • Clarifying Delhi government's control over civil servants.
• Regional parties advocate for:
  • Greater fiscal autonomy and devolution.
  • Protection of linguistic and cultural identity.
  • Control over law enforcement (like state police).
  • Stronger state planning boards.

Current Challenges

• GST Council debates highlight center-state tensions.
• Disputes over central schemes implementation.
• Controversy over governor appointments and roles.
• Distribution of COVID-19 management responsibilities.

The balance between centralization and state autonomy continues to evolve through judicial interpretation and political discourse. The way forward lies in strengthening mechanisms like the Inter-State Council and fostering genuine cooperative federalism while respecting India's diverse regional aspirations and constitutional framework.