UPSC Prelims 2017 Analysis

Explanation

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime, predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.

eLISA is a space-based gravitational wave observatory that can detect and study these gravitational waves.

It is a joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). eLISA is designed to detect gravitational waves from astronomical sources such as merging black holes and neutron stars. It would use laser interferometry to measure the tiny distortions in spacetime caused by passing gravitational waves. Detecting gravitational waves would provide important insights into the nature of gravity and the evolution of the universe.

Explanation

Genome sequencing can help identify specific genes or genetic markers associated with desirable traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance in crop plants, which can then be used for selective breeding and genetic improvement.

Genome sequencing can accelerate the process of developing new crop varieties by providing a better understanding of the genetic makeup and facilitating more targeted breeding programs, thereby reducing the time required for varietal development.

Genome sequencing can help researchers understand the genetic interactions between crop plants and their pathogens, which can aid in developing better strategies for disease management and resistance.

Therefore, all the statements regarding the use of genome sequencing in agriculture in the immediate future are correct.

Explanation

In India, section 70-B of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (the IT Act) gives the Central Government the power to appoint an agency of the government to be called the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team.

Further, it is legally mandatory for service providers, data centres and body corporates to report on cybersecurity incidents as outlined in the Information Technology (The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team and Manner of Performing Functions and Duties) Rules, 2013, which were notified under the Information Technology Act, 2000.

Explanation

The production of algae-based biofuels is not limited to seas only. It can be done on land, saline water, or wastewater. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect.

Setting up and engineering the algae-based biofuel production does require a high level of expertise/technology, which might be a limitation for developing countries. So, statement 2 is correct.

Economically viable production of algae-based biofuels does necessitate the setting up of large-scale facilities, which may raise ecological and social concerns. Hence, statement 3 is also correct.

Explanation

The Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is the same mosquito that transmits the dengue virus in tropical and subtropical regions.

While Zika virus is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites, the virus can also be transmitted from person to person through sexual contact.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) technology is primarily used for the purpose of reproductive cloning of animals.

SCNT can be used to create genetically identical copies of animals. This involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed. The egg cell is then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother to produce a cloned individual.

This technique is called reproductive cloning.

Explanation

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current.

One of the key advantages of OLED technology is that the organic light-emitting materials can be deposited on flexible plastic or metal foil substrates, enabling the creation of flexible and foldable displays.

The flexibility of OLED displays allows for the creation of roll-up or rollable displays, which can be integrated into clothing and other flexible surfaces.

OLED display technology can be used to create transparent displays, where the light-emitting pixels can be made semi-transparent, allowing the display to be integrated into various surfaces and objects.

Therefore, all three statements are correct.

Explanation

Lead is a heavy metal that has been found in some lipstick formulations, which is concerning due to its potential toxic effects.

Brominated vegetable oils Brominated vegetable oils (BVOs) are a type of food additive used in some soft drinks to help distribute flavours. BVOs have been controversial and banned in many countries due to potential health concerns.

Monosodium glutamate Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer commonly used in Chinese and other Asian cuisines, including fast food. There have been concerns about the potential side effects of MSG consumption.

Therefore, all three pairs are correctly matched.

Explanation

The Smart India Hackathon is not a scheme for developing Smart Cities, but rather an initiative to identify new digital technology innovations.

It is an initiative by the Government of India to identify new and innovative digital solutions for problems faced in various domains, such as agriculture, health, education, etc.

It is focused on identifying digital technology innovations, not specifically on digital financial transactions.

Hence, only the second statement is correct.

Explanation

The terms 'Event Horizon', 'Singularity', 'String Theory' and 'Standard Model' are associated with the observation and understanding of the Universe, particularly in the field of cosmology and astrophysics.

Event Horizon refers to the boundary around a black hole, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape the black hole's gravitational pull.

Singularity refers to a point in spacetime where the gravitational field becomes infinite, such as at the center of a black hole, where the laws of physics as we know them break down.

String Theory is a theoretical framework in particle physics that attempts to unify all the fundamental forces of nature, including gravity, into a single coherent model.

Standard Model is the most comprehensive and well-tested theory in particle physics, which describes the fundamental particles and their interactions, except for gravity.