UPSC Prelims 2025 Analysis

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Lokpal’s jurisdiction includes all Indian public servants, even those posted abroad.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Chairperson need not be only the CJI; former judges or eminent persons with 25+ years’ expertise can also be appointed.

✅ Statement III: Correct Minimum age to be Chairperson or Member is 45 years.

❌ Statement IV: Incorrect Lokpal can inquire against a sitting PM, but with safeguards and restrictions in sensitive areas.

Therefore, only Statement III is correct.

Explanation

Viruses can survive in oceans, infect bacteria, and alter host cell transcription.

❌Statement I: False. Viruses can survive in ocean waters, and marine viruses are highly abundant.

❌Statement II: False. Viruses can infect bacteria; for example, bacteriophages specifically infect bacteria.

❌Statement III: False. Viruses can alter host transcription and modify host gene expression.

None of the statements are correct.

Explanation

Oxygen on Earth mainly comes from photosynthesis, especially by phytoplankton (marine organisms), and oxygen levels differ between air and water.

❌ Statement I is incorrect:

• Oceans (phytoplankton) produce more oxygen than rainforests.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• Marine phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria produce about 50% of the world’s oxygen.

❌ Statement III is incorrect:

• Atmospheric air has much more oxygen than surface water; water does not contain several folds higher oxygen than air.

So, the correct answer is: B

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Without an atmosphere, Earth’s surface would lose heat rapidly and become much colder, like the Moon.

✅ Statement II: Correct The atmosphere traps heat via the greenhouse effect, maintaining a temperature suitable for life.

✅ Statement III: Correct Gases like CO₂, methane, and water vapor absorb infrared radiation, causing the greenhouse effect.

Correct Answer: All three statements are correct.

Explanation

In lithium-ion batteries, the cathode is typically made of materials that include Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel, depending on the chemistry used.

• ✅I. Cobalt: Used in cathodes like LCO and NMC.
• ❌ II. Graphite: Used in the anode, not the cathode.
• ✅III. Lithium: Core element in cathode materials (like LCO, LFP).
• ✅IV. Nickel: Found in cathode types like NMC and NCA.

Three of the four are used in cathodes.

Alternatively, you can use mnemonic CoLiNi to remember Cathode forming materials.

Explanation

This question tests your knowledge of the objectives and phased strategy of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) led by the Indian National Congress.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• The Congress declared in the Nagpur session (1920) that attaining 'Swaraj' by all legitimate and peaceful means was its objective.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect

• While the Non-Cooperation Movement did envision a phased approach, the conditions mentioned are not entirely accurate. Gandhi did promise Swaraj in one year if the movement was followed sincerely. Civil disobedience and non-payment of taxes were considered, but not necessarily only if 'Swaraj' didn't come within a year and only if the government resorted to repression. Gandhi kept the discretion to start civil disobedience in his hands.

Answer: A

Explanation

✅ Pair I: Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft — Correct Dornier-228 is used by Indian Navy & Coast Guard for maritime patrol and surveillance.

❌ Pair II: IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft — Incorrect IL-76 is a heavy military transport aircraft, not supersonic or combat.

✅ Pair III: C-17 Globemaster III : Military transport aircraft — Correct C-17 is a strategic military transport aircraft used by the Indian Air Force.

Therefore, only pairs I and III are correct.

Explanation

The Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) is a disclosure framework introduced by SEBI to promote transparency in a company’s non-financial performance, particularly in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) areas.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect

• SEBI, not the RBI, mandates the submission of BRSR.
• It applies to the top 1,000 listed companies by market capitalization.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• BRSR disclosures are mostly non-financial and focus on areas like environment, social responsibility, and governance.

Explanation

The 'Dancing Girl' of Mohenjo-daro is a celebrated example of Indus Valley Civilization art, reflecting high craftsmanship in metalwork.

The Dancing Girl is made of bronze, created using the lost-wax casting method.

Explanation

CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are chemical substances known for their use as high-energy explosives in military weapons.

• ✅CL-20: A powerful explosive with high energy density.
• ✅ HMX: A well-known military explosive used in various munitions.
• ✅ LLM-105: A newer explosive with similar high performance.

All three are explosives used in military weapons.

Explanation

Ethanol is a biofuel produced mainly by fermenting sugars found in crops like corn and sugarcane, with the USA and Brazil being the top global producers—each using a different primary feedstock.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect

• The United States is the largest ethanol producer, not Brazil.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• USA uses corn; Brazil uses sugarcane as the primary feedstock for ethanol.

Explanation

❌I. Austria - Not a NATO member (maintains neutrality).

✅ II.Bulgaria - NATO member (joined in 2004).

✅ III. Croatia - NATO member (joined in 2009).

❌IV. Serbia - Not a NATO member (participates in Partnership for Peace, but not a full member).

✅ V. Sweden - NATO member (officially joined in March 2024).

✅ VI. North Macedonia - NATO member (joined in 2020).

So, four of the listed countries are members of NATO: Bulgaria, Croatia, Sweden, and North Macedonia.

Explanation

Among the listed bodies, only the Inter-State Council is established by the Constitution of India. The others are based on statutory or executive provisions.

✅ I. Inter-State Council – Correct

• Established under Article 263 of the Constitution to facilitate Centre-State coordination.

❌ II. National Security Council – Incorrect

• Formed in 1998 by an executive order, not mentioned in the Constitution.

❌ III. Zonal Councils – Incorrect

• Established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, a statutory but non-constitutional body.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect The President of India is NOT a member of the Jury.

✅ Statement II: Correct The Prime Minister of India is the Chairperson of the Jury.

✅ Statement III: Correct The Chief Justice of India (or a Supreme Court Judge nominated by the CJI) is a Jury member.

✅ Statement IV: Correct The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha (or leader of largest opposition party) is a Jury member.

Correct Answer: Statements II, III, and IV are correct.

Explanation

Capital receipts involve transactions that either increase liabilities or reduce assets for the government. Revenue receipts, on the other hand, are routine incomes like interest or taxes that don’t affect assets or liabilities.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• Capital receipts create liabilities (like borrowings) or reduce assets (like disinvestment).

✅ Statement II: Correct

• Borrowings and disinvestment are both capital receipts.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect

• Interest received is a revenue receipt, not a capital receipt—it’s income, not a liability.

Explanation

India has seen a massive rise in equity options trading and stock market capitalization, but investor protection is actively overseen by SEBI.

✅ Statement I: Correct India leads globally in equity options trading volume, reflecting a major boom in the derivatives market.

✅ Statement II: Correct In early 2024, India's stock market temporarily overtook Hong Kong’s, becoming the 4th largest by market cap.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect India has a regulatory body—SEBI—which issues warnings and acts against unregistered advisors.

Explanation

An Ordinance is a temporary law issued by the President (Article 123) or Governor (Article 213) when the legislature is not in session. It holds the same force as a regular law, but must adhere to constitutional limits.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• An Ordinance can amend any Central Act, just like a Parliamentary law, subject to constitutional provisions.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect

• Ordinances cannot abridge Fundamental Rights as per Article 13(2) of the Constitution. Any such provision is void.

✅ Statement III: Correct

• Ordinances can be given retrospective effect, i.e., they can be enforced from a past date.

Explanation

This question tests knowledge of historical and administrative facts about northeastern Indian states.

✅ Pair I: Arunachal Pradesh – Correct

• Itanagar, the capital, is named after Ita Fort.
• The state has two National Parks: Namdapha and Mouling.

✅ Pair II: Nagaland – Correct

• Nagaland attained statehood via a constitutional amendment and came into being on 1 December 1963 through the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.

✅ Pair III: Tripura – Correct

• Tripura was a Part 'C' state, became a Union Territory in 1956, and was granted statehood in 1972.

Explanation

The correct answer is B. Chandragupta II.

Fa-hien (Faxian), the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II (also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya) of the Gupta dynasty. He arrived around the early 5th century CE, seeking Buddhist texts and studying the practices of Buddhism in India. His travel accounts provide valuable information about Gupta India’s society, administration, and Buddhism.

The other rulers listed do not align with the period of Fa-hien’s visit.

Explanation

The Non-Cooperation Programme aimed to resist British rule through boycott and self-reliance, emphasizing non-violence and alternative institutions.

✅ Statement I is correct:

• Boycott of law courts and foreign cloth was a key part of the movement.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• Strict non-violence was insisted upon by Gandhi during the movement.

❌ Statement III is incorrect:

• The programme required surrendering British titles and honours, not retaining them.

✅ Statement IV is correct:

• Setting up Panchayats to settle disputes locally was encouraged.

So, the correct answer is: C (Only three)

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Ancient rock belts on Brazil’s coast match those on Western Africa, showing geological continuity.

✅ Statement II: Correct Gold deposits in Ghana correlate with those on the Brazil plateau, indicating a shared origin.

✅ Statement III: Correct Gondwana sediments in India match those in Antarctica, Australia, South Africa, South America, and Madagascar, with similar fossils and environments.

Correct Answer: All three statements are correct.

Explanation

The Indian Constitution provides legal immunities and privileges to ensure the independent functioning of constitutional offices and legislative bodies.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• As per Article 361(1), the Governor is not answerable to any court for actions taken in the course of their official duties.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• Article 361(2) states that no criminal proceedings can be initiated or continued against a Governor during their term.

✅ Statement III: Correct

• Article 194(2) grants immunity to State Legislators for anything said or any vote given within the House or its committees.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi made the upliftment of Harijans a central goal after opposing separate electorates for the Depressed Classes in the British Communal Award.

After the Poona Pact (1932), signed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Gandhi intensified efforts to eradicate untouchability, forming the Harijan Sevak Sangh and launching the 'Harijan' journal.

Explanation

Bonds are debt instruments, while stocks represent ownership. Bondholders earn fixed interest and are repaid before stockholders, making them relatively less risky investors.

✅ Statement I: Correct Bondholders face lower risk as they receive fixed returns and are prioritized during repayment over stockholders.

✅ Statement II: Correct Bondholders are lenders to the company; stockholders are owners.

✅ Statement III: Correct In case of liquidation, companies repay bondholders before stockholders.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Lake Tanganyika lies south of the Equator, in Tanzania, DRC, Burundi, and Zambia.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Lake Tonlé Sap is in Cambodia, well north of the Equator.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect Patos Lagoon is in southern Brazil, far south of the Equator.

Correct Answer: (D) None The Equator does not pass through any of the three water bodies listed.

Explanation

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is crucial as it outlines international cooperation through both carbon markets and non-market approaches to help countries meet climate goals.

✅ Statement I is correct:

• Article 6 is widely discussed because it enables cooperation through market and non-market means to fight climate change.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• It defines rules for carbon markets, including carbon trading and credit mechanisms.

✅ Statement III is correct:

• It also promotes non-market tools like technology transfer and capacity building to reach climate targets.

So, the correct answer is: A

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct BIMSTEC currently has seven members: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal, and Bhutan.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect BIMSTEC was established by the Bangkok Declaration in 1997, not the Dhaka Declaration in 1999.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect Founding members were Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar; Nepal and Bhutan joined later.

❌ Statement IV: Incorrect Nepal leads tourism subsector, not India; India leads sectors like Counter-Terrorism and Energy.

Correct Answer: Only Statement I is correct.

Explanation

Coal gasification produces syngas (carbon monoxide + hydrogen), which is a starting point for making many chemicals.

✅I. Ethanol – Syngas can be converted into ethanol using chemical processes. ✅II. Nitroglycerine – Though not made directly, syngas helps produce chemicals (like hydrogen and methanol) needed to make nitroglycerine. ✅III. Urea – Syngas is used to produce ammonia, a key ingredient for urea production.

All three substances can be produced using coal gasification technology.

Explanation

Earth’s rotation and axis can shift due to changes in how mass is distributed across the planet, such as melting polar ice.

✅Statement I is correct:

• Studies show that Earth’s rotation and axis are shifting slightly due to internal mass redistribution.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• But it doesn’t explain the shift — solar flares affect only the upper atmosphere, not Earth’s rotation.

✅ Statement III is correct:

• It explains the shift — melting polar ice moves water toward the equator, altering Earth’s mass distribution and spin.

Explanation

This question checks knowledge of countries known for major natural resources that play key roles in global markets.

✅ I. Botswana : Diamond – Correct

• Botswana is a top global producer of diamonds, vital to its economy.

✅ II. Chile : Lithium – Correct

• Chile has vast lithium reserves in the Atacama Desert and is a leading global supplier.

✅ III. Indonesia : Nickel – Correct

• Indonesia is the world’s largest producer of nickel, crucial for batteries and steel.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct The inaugural Kho Kho World Cup was held in New Delhi, India, from January 13-19, 2025.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect India defeated Nepal 54-36 (not 78-40) to win the men’s final.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect India beat Nepal 78-40 (not 54-36) in the women’s final.

Additional Context: 24 countries participated, and the event was organized by the Kho Kho Federation of India with the International Kho Kho Federation.

Therefore, only Statement I is correct.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct India co-chaired the AI Action Summit in Paris (Feb 2025), continuing efforts from the Bletchley Park (UK, 2023) and Seoul (South Korea, 2024) Summits on AI governance.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The joint statement on ‘Inclusive and Sustainable AI’ was signed by 58 countries including India and China, but the US and UK did not sign due to concerns about overregulation.

Correct Answer: Only Statement I is correct.

Explanation

At COP28, India chose not to sign the “Declaration on Climate and Health,” and this decision can be understood by analyzing the nature of the declaration and India’s concerns.

✅ Statement I: Correct. India did not sign the COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health, unlike over 120 other countries.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect. The declaration is not legally binding; it is a voluntary political commitment. Signing it does not legally mandate countries to decarbonize their health sectors immediately.

✅Statement III: Correct. India’s concern is that rapid decarbonization of its health sector could compromise the resilience and accessibility of healthcare services, given current developmental challenges and resource constraints.

Therefore, only Statement III correctly explains Statement I, while Statement II is factually wrong about the binding nature of the declaration.

Explanation

Critical minerals are essential for modern technologies and clean energy, but many countries, including India, depend on imports for several of them. To strengthen supply chains, India has joined international partnerships and reformed mining laws.

✅ Statement I: Correct India joined the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) in 2023 to ensure reliable access to critical minerals.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect India is not resource-rich in all 30 critical minerals it has identified and remains import-dependent for several, like cobalt and nickel.

✅ Statement III: Correct In 2023, Parliament amended the Mines and Minerals Act, giving the Central Government power to auction leases for critical minerals.

Explanation

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a reformer who respected Indian traditions but promoted rational thinking and social equality.

✅ Statement I is correct:

• He respected traditional Eastern philosophies like Vedanta and sought their reform.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• He advocated for rationalism, scientific thinking, and equality of all men and women.

So, the correct answer is: C

Explanation

The Self-Respect Movement, started in 1925, aimed to dismantle caste hierarchies and promote social equality, especially for non-Brahmin communities in Tamil Nadu.

He founded the Self-Respect Movement to fight caste oppression and promote rationalism and equality.

Explanation

The Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula) is a rare, tree-dwelling spider found in limited forest areas in India.

❌ Statement I is incorrect:

• It is a spider (arachnid), not an omnivorous crustacean.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• Its habitat is restricted to some forest areas in the Eastern Ghats.

✅ Statement III is correct:

• It is arboreal, living in trees and tree crevices.

So, the correct answer is: D

Explanation

✅ I. Asmaka : Godavari

• Asmaka (or Assaka) was a Mahajanapada located in the Deccan region on the banks of the Godavari river. This pair is correctly matched.

❌ II. Kamboja : Vipas

• Kamboja was in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent (around Afghanistan and Tajikistan). The river Vipas (Beas) flows in Punjab, so this pair is incorrectly matched.

❌ III. Avanti : Mahanadi

• Avanti was in western Madhya Pradesh with Ujjain as its capital. The main river there was the Kshipra, not the Mahanadi, so this pair is incorrect.

✅ IV. Kosala : Sarayu

• Kosala was a Mahajanapada in present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh, through which the Sarayu river flows. This pair is correct.

Explanation

Nature-based solutions involve using natural processes to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, often needing dedicated financial support.n ADB launched the Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific to fund nature-based solutions for climate and environmental challenges in the region.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect The decision on disqualification under the Tenth Schedule is made by the Speaker or Chairman, not the President or the Union Council of Ministers.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The word ‘political party’ is explicitly mentioned in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.

Therefore, neither statement is correct.

Explanation

✅ A. silver iodide and potassium iodide: True Both are used in cloud seeding because their crystalline structures help form ice nuclei, inducing rainfall.

❌ B. silver nitrate and potassium iodide: False Silver nitrate is not used for artificial rainmaking.

❌ C. silver iodide and potassium nitrate: False Potassium nitrate is not used in cloud seeding.

❌ D. silver nitrate and potassium chloride: False Neither chemical is used in artificial rainmaking.

Therefore, option A is correct.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Regulation of minor minerals is mainly a State subject under the MMDR Act, 1957. States have the authority to make rules for extraction concessions.

✅ Statement II: Correct The Central Government notifies which minerals are classified as 'minor minerals' under the MMDR Act.

Therefore, Statement I is incorrect, and Statement II is correct.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct The Speaker of Lok Sabha continues in office even after dissolution until just before the new House meets, ensuring continuity (Article 94).

❌ Statement II: Incorrect No constitutional mandate requires the Speaker to resign from their political party; this is only a convention for impartiality.

✅ Statement III: Correct The Speaker can be removed by a majority resolution with at least 14 days' prior notice (Article 94).

Therefore, statements I and III are correct.

Explanation

After the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, many people were arrested and faced severe punishment, including death sentences. Legal intervention helped reduce this.

✅ B. Madan Mohan Malaviya and Krishna Kant – Correct

• Madan Mohan Malaviya and his son Krishna Kant provided legal defence to the accused.
• Their efforts led to major sentence reductions, saving many from execution.

Explanation

Each of these constitutional provisions is accurately linked to its correct part within the Constitution of India.

✅ Pair I: Directive Principles of State Policy – Correct

• Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

✅ Pair II: Fundamental Duties – Correct

• Article 51A(f) states that citizens must value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

✅ Pair III: Fundamental Rights – Correct

• Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in hazardous work such as factories or mines.

Explanation

The 15th Finance Commission made recommendations to promote better fiscal discipline, education, and agriculture reforms, while adjusting tax devolution among states.

✅ Statement I: Correct 4,800 crores were recommended (2022–23 to 2025–26) to incentivize states for improving educational outcomes.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The Commission recommended 41% of Union taxes to be shared with states, not 45%.

✅ Statement III: Correct

• It proposed a ₹45,000 crore performance-based incentive for states to implement agricultural reforms.

✅ Statement IV: Correct It reintroduced the 'tax effort' criterion, rewarding states that better mobilize revenue in relation to their GSDP.

Explanation

The question tests knowledge of European geography, particularly the correct country associations of famous regions.

❌ I. Mallorca : Italy

• Mallorca is part of Spain, not Italy.

❌ II. Normandy : Spain

• Normandy is a region in France, not Spain.

❌ III. Sardinia : France

• Sardinia belongs to Italy, not France.

Explanation

Activated carbon is widely used to clean pollutants because of its unique properties and sustainable production methods.

✅ Statement I: Correct. Activated carbon effectively removes pollutants from industrial effluents due to its high adsorption capacity. It’s commonly used in water treatment and pollution control. ✅Statement II: Correct. This is because activated carbon has an extremely large surface area, created by its porous structure, allowing it to trap heavy metals and other contaminants efficiently. ✅ Statement III: Correct. Moreover, activated carbon can be produced easily and cost-effectively from carbon-rich wastes like coconut shells, rice husks, and other agricultural residues, making it an eco-friendly option.

Thus, both Statement II and Statement III are correct, and together they explain why Statement I is true.

Explanation

Anadyr (Russia) and Nome (Alaska, USA) lie close to each other geographically but are separated by the International Date Line, leading to a significant difference in calendar dates despite similar times of day.

✅ Statement I: Correct Due to the International Date Line, Anadyr and Nome can have the same time of day but different dates.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect When it’s Monday in Anadyr, it is still Sunday in Nome, not Tuesday—Anadyr is ahead of Nome by almost 21 hours.

Explanation

The Reserve Bank of India earns income through financial operations such as managing government securities, foreign exchange, and issuing currency. It does not operate like a commercial bank or a pension fund manager.

✅ Statement I: Correct Buying and selling Government bonds through Open Market Operations earns the RBI interest and trading profits.

✅ Statement II: Correct Forex operations and investment of foreign exchange reserves generate income for the RBI.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect RBI does not manage pension funds; that is done by entities like PFRDA.

❌ Statement IV: Incorrect RBI does not lend directly to private companies; it lends to banks, which in turn lend to companies.

✅ Statement V: Correct

• Printing and distributing currency notes* yields income through seigniorage—the profit from face value minus production cost.

Explanation

Fiscal Deficit represents the government's total borrowing requirement, while the Primary Deficit shows how much the government is borrowing excluding interest payments on past debt.

✅ Formula: Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit − Interest Payments

Given:

• Fiscal Deficit = ₹50,000 crores
• Interest Liabilities = ₹1,500 crores
• Non-debt capital receipts are already factored into the fiscal deficit, so no need to adjust further.

Calculation: Primary Deficit = ₹50,000 − ₹1,500 = ₹48,500 crores

Explanation

✅ Vishnu Digambar Paluskar established the first Gandharva Mahavidyalaya in Lahore in 1901. This marked a significant step in formalizing music education in India, aiming to revive and promote classical music traditions.

Explanation

The question relates to the correct mapping of key investigative and analytical bodies under the Government of India and their parent ministries or departments.

❌ Row I: Incorrect The Directorate of Enforcement does implement the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, but it functions under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, not the Ministry of Home Affairs.

✅ Row II: Correct The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) enforces the Customs Act, 1962 and works under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.

✅ Row III: Correct The Directorate General of Systems and Data Management aids in big data analytics for tax enforcement and operates under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Chalk is permeable (water passes easily); clay is impermeable (water passes poorly).

✅ Statement II: Correct Chalk is porous, with many small holes that hold water, making it permeable.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect Clay is porous but with very tiny pores that restrict water flow; it is impermeable but not non-porous.

Correct Answer: Only Statements I and II are correct; Statement II explains Statement I.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect The National Rail Plan targets 2030 for a future-ready railway, not 2028.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Kavach is an indigenous Automatic Train Protection system developed under 'Make in India', not with Germany.

✅ Statement III: Correct Kavach uses RFID tags on tracks in station sections to track train location and speed continuously.

Therefore, Statements I and II are incorrect, and Statement III is correct.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Intermediate-level Panchayats are not mandatory in all states; states with population under 20 lakhs may skip this tier.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Minimum age to be a Panchayat member is 21 years, not 30.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect State Finance Commission is constituted by the Governor, not the Chief Minister.

Correct Answer: All three statements are incorrect.

Explanation

Based on the distribution of official time zones including overseas territories, we can determine:

✅ United Kingdom – More than four (Total 9 Time Zones) ✅ Denmark – More than four (At least 5 Time Zones) ✅ New Zealand – More than four (Total 5 Time Zones) ✅ Australia – More than four (Total 8-9 Time Zones) ❌ Brazil – Exactly four

Therefore, four out of the five countries have more than four time zones.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct RGM aims to conserve indigenous breeds, benefiting small farmers and landless labourers by improving animal productivity.

✅ Statement II: Correct Launched in December 2014, the mission promotes scientific breeding, genetic upgradation, and conservation of indigenous breeds.

Correct Answer: (C) Both Statements I and II are correct.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct India produces about 80% of the world’s turmeric and exports around 65% globally.

✅ Statement II: Correct India grows over 30 turmeric varieties like Alleppey Finger, Erode, Sangli, Salem, Nizamabad, and Rajapore.

✅ Statement III: Correct Major producing states include Telangana (largest), Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.

Correct Answer: (D) All statements are correct.

Explanation

India’s CO₂ emissions come mainly from fuel combustion, especially electricity generation, and per capita emissions are higher than 0.5 tonnes.

❌ Statement I is incorrect:

• India’s per capita CO₂ emissions are around 1.9-2.0 tonnes, higher than 0.5 t CO₂/capita.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• India ranks second in the Asia-Pacific for total CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, after China.

✅ Statement III is correct:

• Electricity and heat production (mainly coal-based) is the largest source of India’s CO₂ emissions.

So, the correct answer is: C

Explanation

Majorana 1 chip is linked to quantum computing and deep learning is part of machine learning, but AWS did not introduce the Majorana 1 chip.

• ✅ I. Majorana 1 chip – Expected to advance quantum computing.
• ❌ II. AWS introducing Majorana 1 – Incorrect, it’s a Microsoft project.
• ✅III. Deep learning – A subset of machine learning.

Only statements I and III are correct.

Explanation

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Gukesh Dommaraju did not become the youngest world chess champion by defeating Ian Nepomniachtchi; the final was against Ding Liren (of China).

✅ Statement II: Correct Abhimanyu Mishra is the youngest chess Grandmaster ever, achieving the title at 12 years, 4 months, and 25 days.

Therefore, only Statement II is correct.

Explanation

The phrase "Sedition has become my religion" was declared by Gandhiji during the Salt Satyagraha, symbolizing his open defiance of British authority through non-violent means.

✅ B. Publicly violating Salt Law at Dandi – Correct

• Gandhi made this powerful statement during the Salt March (1930) after breaking the Salt Law at Dandi.

Explanation

The Constitution outlines specific roles where the Governor can act at his/her own discretion, but it does not allow the President to unilaterally intervene in State legislation without the Governor's involvement.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• The Governor can act in discretion in certain cases (e.g., reserving a bill for the President under Article 200, or appointing a CM in a hung assembly).
• Article 163(2) makes the Governor’s discretion final in such matters.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect

• The President cannot suo motu reserve a State bill. Only the Governor can do this under Article 200.

Explanation

✅ A. The European Union: The Nature Restoration Law (NRL) is an EU legislative initiative adopted in 2024. It sets binding targets to restore ecosystems, fight climate change, and protect biodiversity across EU member states.

❌ B. The World Bank: An international financial institution providing loans and grants; it does not enact laws like the NRL.

❌ C. OECD: An organization promoting economic cooperation and policy coordination; it does not enact binding environmental laws such as the NRL.

❌ D. FAO: A UN agency focused on hunger and agriculture; it does not enact regional laws like the NRL.

Explanation

✅ Ashokan inscriptions mention 'Pradesika', 'Rajuka', and 'Yukta' as important officers at the district (Pradesa) level.

• 'Pradesika' managed the district administration.
• 'Rajuka' handled revenue and judicial matters.
• 'Yukta' was a subordinate official involved in administration and record-keeping.

Explanation

Monoclonal antibodies are lab-made proteins that target specific antigens and can be used to treat viral infections like Nipah virus.

• ✅ I. Man-made proteins – Created by cloning a single immune cell type.
• ✅II. Bind to specific antigens – Help stimulate or guide immune response.
• ✅III. Used in viral infections – Applied in treating infections like Nipah virus.

All three statements are correct.

Explanation

Income from agriculture is tax-exempt in India, but only core agricultural activities like cultivation qualify. Allied activities such as poultry or dairy are taxable. Also, certain types of land are excluded from capital asset classification under tax law.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect Allied agricultural activities like poultry farming and wool rearing are not tax-exempt under the Income-tax Act, 1961.

✅ Statement II: Correct Rural agricultural land is not treated as a capital asset under Section 2(14), so capital gains tax does not apply on its sale.

Explanation

Papaya, pineapple, and guava are all non-native fruits to India, originally from the Americas, and were introduced during European colonial expansion, particularly by the Portuguese.

✅ I. Papaya – Correct

• Native to Central America, introduced to India by the Portuguese in the 16th century.

✅ II. Pineapple – Correct

• Originates from South America, brought to India by Portuguese explorers.

✅ III. Guava – Correct

• Native to Central America, introduced to India by the Portuguese in the 17th century.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct In January, isotherms bend equatorward over land (which cools faster) and poleward over oceans (which retain heat).

✅ Statement II: Correct Oceans stay warmer than land in January because water has a higher specific heat.

✅ Relationship: Statement II explains why the isotherms behave as described in Statement I.

Correct Answer: Both statements are correct, and Statement II explains Statement I.

Explanation

The correct answer is C. Rajendra I (Chola).

Rajendra Chola I, son of Rajaraja Chola I, led a famous naval expedition against the Srivijaya kingdom around 1025 CE. Srivijaya was a powerful maritime empire controlling the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and nearby islands. Rajendra I’s campaign asserted Chola naval dominance in the region and secured control over important sea trade routes.

The other rulers listed did not conduct campaigns against Srivijaya:

• Amoghavarsha (Rashtrakuta) focused mainly on the Deccan region.
• Prataparudra (Kakatiya) ruled much later and was centered in the Deccan.
• Vishnuvardhana (Hoysala) focused on South Indian affairs.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct GAGAN is an Indian SBAS developed by ISRO and AAI to enhance GPS accuracy and integrity, crucial for aviation safety.

✅ Statement II: Correct It improves GPS reliability and accuracy, enabling better air traffic management and safer, efficient navigation.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect GAGAN’s benefits extend beyond aviation to railways, roadways, maritime, agriculture, and disaster management.

Correct Answer: Only Statements I and II are correct.

Explanation

Wet-bulb temperature combines heat and humidity. When it exceeds 35°C, the human body can no longer cool itself through sweating, posing a serious threat to survival.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect

• Though flooding, cyclones, and droughts are valid climate threats, they are not directly related to the World Bank's warning about wet-bulb temperatures.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• When wet-bulb temperatures cross 35°C, the body cannot release heat, making it fatal for humans and animals.

Explanation

Many everyday items contain hidden plastics, even if they don’t look like typical plastic products.

• ✅I. Cigarette butts – Filters are made of cellulose acetate, a form of plastic.
• ✅II. Eyeglass lenses – Usually made from polycarbonate or CR-39 plastic, not glass.
• ✅III. Car tyres – Contain synthetic rubber, which includes plastic-based polymers.

All three items contain plastic.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct The 16th BRICS Summit was held in Kazan, Russia, in October 2024 under Russia’s chairship. Russia held the rotating presidency in 2024, and the summit took place from October 22-24 in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan.

✅ Statement II: Correct Indonesia became a full member of BRICS in January 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian nation and the 10th member of the bloc.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect The theme of the 16th BRICS Summit is "Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security." The statement used "Multiculturalism" instead of "Multilateralism," making it incorrect for this question.

Therefore, only statements I and II are correct.

Explanation

A circular economy focuses on minimizing waste, reusing resources, and improving efficiency, all of which help lower greenhouse gas emissions and conserve raw materials.

✅ Statement I: Correct By reducing waste and energy use, the circular economy helps cut greenhouse gas emissions.

✅ Statement II: Correct It reduces the need for raw materials through reuse, recycling, and product life extension.

✅ Statement III: Correct It also lowers production waste using efficient and sustainable design and processes.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Subtropical and temperate regions have more dust due to dry conditions, sparse vegetation, and strong winds.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Subtropical and temperate regions have more dry winds, not less, which help lift dust.

Correct Answer: Only Statement I is correct.

Explanation

Alternative powertrain vehicles are those that do not use conventional petrol/diesel engines. Instead, they rely on clean energy sources like electricity or hydrogen.

• ✅ I. BEVs – Run fully on batteries and electric motors.
• ✅II. FCEVs – Use hydrogen to make electricity via a fuel cell.
• ✅III. FCEHVs – Combine hydrogen fuel cell + battery + electric motor.

All three are alternatives to traditional fuel vehicles.

Explanation

The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is a major government initiative to expand rooftop solar adoption in the residential sector, while also building technical capacity across the country.

✅ Statement I: Correct

• The scheme targets the installation of 1 crore solar rooftop panels in households.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE plans to train grassroots-level workers in installation, operation, and maintenance.

✅ Statement III: Correct

• The scheme aims to create over 3 lakh skilled workers through fresh skilling and up-skilling efforts.

Explanation

❌ Pair I: The National Automotive Board – Ministry of Commerce and Industry

• Incorrect. It functions under the Ministry of Heavy Industries, not Commerce and Industry.

❌ Pair II: The Coir Board – Ministry of Heavy Industries

• Incorrect. The Coir Board is under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

❌ Pair III: National Centre for Trade Information – Ministry of MSME

• Incorrect. NCTI is linked to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, not MSME.

Explanation

Under Article 368(2) of the Constitution, certain amendments require ratification by at least half of the State Legislatures, particularly those affecting the federal structure.

✅ I. Union List in the Seventh Schedule – Correct

• Any change to the Union List alters the federal balance and requires State ratification.

✅ II. Extent of executive power of a State – Correct

• This impacts the distribution of power between Centre and States, so it also requires ratification.

❌ III. Conditions of the Governor’s office – Incorrect

• Changes to the Governor’s conditions of service do not require ratification by States.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Rare earth elements like europium, terbium, and yttrium are essential in flat TV screens and monitors due to their role in producing vibrant colors and enhancing display quality.

✅ Statement II: Correct These elements exhibit phosphorescence—absorbing energy and slowly emitting light—which is key to their use in color reproduction and brightness in displays.

Relationship: Statement II explains why rare earth elements are crucial in displays, confirming the reason behind Statement I.

Therefore, both statements are correct and related.

Explanation

The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) regulates downstream activities like storage, distribution, and marketing—not upstream activities like production.

❌ I. Production of crude oil – Not regulated

• This is an upstream activity regulated by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), not PNGRB.

✅ II. Refining, storage and distribution – Partially regulated

• Storage and distribution are regulated by PNGRB.
• Refining is generally not directly regulated, though PNGRB may set standards affecting it.

✅ III. Marketing and sale of petroleum products – Regulated

• PNGRB authorizes entities to market notified petroleum products and natural gas.

❌ IV. Production of natural gas – Not regulated

• Like crude oil, it’s an upstream activity, not under PNGRB.

Explanation

Cement manufacturing contributes significantly to global carbon emissions, mainly due to the chemical process involved in producing clinker.

✅ Statement I: Cement industry emissions are estimated to be around 5-8% of global CO₂ emissions, making it a major source of greenhouse gases. ✅Statement II: Silica-bearing clay is indeed mixed with limestone during cement making to provide essential minerals like silicon, aluminum, and iron needed for the final product. ✅Statement III: During clinker production, limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated and converted into lime (calcium oxide), releasing CO₂ in the process. This calcination is the main source of carbon emissions in cement manufacturing.

Both Statements II and III are correct, but only Statement III directly explains the source of carbon emissions mentioned in Statement I.

Explanation

The correct answer is A. Mahendravarman I.

Mahendravarman I, a 7th-century Pallava king, was known for his literary talent and artistic patronage. He adopted the titles ‘Mattavilasa’ (lover of playful sport), ‘Vichitrachitta’ (curious-minded or inventive), and ‘Gunabharata’ (full of virtues). He also authored the Sanskrit play Mattavilasa Prahasana, reflecting his cultural contributions.

The other rulers listed did not assume these titles.

Explanation

Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, and Primary Deficit are key indicators used to assess a government's financial health.

✅ I. Revenue Deficit = ₹20,000 crores – Correct

• Definition: Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure − Revenue Receipts
• Calculation: ₹80,000 crores − ₹60,000 crores = ₹20,000 crores

✅ II. Fiscal Deficit = ₹10,000 crores – Correct

• Definition: Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure − Total Receipts (excluding borrowings)
• Alternatively, it reflects total borrowings needed to meet the gap
• Given: Borrowings = ₹10,000 crores ⇒ Fiscal Deficit = ₹10,000 crores

✅ III. Primary Deficit = ₹4,000 crores – Correct

• Definition: Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit − Interest Payments
• Calculation: ₹10,000 crores − ₹6,000 crores = ₹4,000 crores

Explanation

Plants can be classified based on their growth form — woody shrubs, herbs with pseudostems, climbers, etc.

✅ I. Cassava : Woody shrub — Correct

• Cassava is a perennial woody shrub.

✅ II. Ginger : Herb with pseudostem — Correct

• Ginger has a pseudostem made from leaf bases.

✅ III. Malabar spinach : Herbaceous climber — Correct

• It is a soft-stemmed climbing herb.

❌ IV. Mint : Annual shrub — Incorrect

• Mint is a perennial herb, not a shrub.

❌ V. Papaya : Woody shrub — Incorrect

• Papaya is a large herbaceous plant, not woody.

So, the correct answer is: B (Only three)

Explanation

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is expanding internationally, but only a few countries currently support international merchant payments under UPI.

✅ I. United Arab Emirates – Correct

• UPI is accepted at select merchants in the UAE via NPCI partnerships.

✅ II. France – Correct

• France allows UPI merchant payments at select tourist locations, like the Eiffel Tower.

❌ III. Germany – Incorrect

• No official rollout of UPI for merchant payments in Germany as of now.

✅ IV. Singapore – Correct

• UPI is live for both P2P remittances and merchant payments in Singapore.

❌ V. Bangladesh – Incorrect

• UPI is not yet operational for merchant payments in Bangladesh.

International merchant payments are accepted under UPI in seven countries outside of India: Bhutan, France, Mauritius, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the UAE.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct Andes pass through Bolivia, forming the Altiplano plateau.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Andes do not pass through Brazil, which lies on the Brazilian Plateau.

✅ Statement III: Correct Andes pass through Colombia, where they split into three mountain chains.

✅ Statement IV: Correct Andes run north-south through Ecuador, shaping its geography.

❌ Statement V: Incorrect Paraguay lies in the interior lowlands; Andes do not pass through it.

✅ Statement VI: Correct The Venezuelan Andes extend into western Venezuela (Cordillera de Mérida).

Correct Answer: (C) Only four ✅ Andes pass through: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela ❌ Not through: Brazil, Paraguay

Explanation

When an area is declared a Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, it continues to be administered by the State Government, but with special powers granted to the Governor for tribal welfare.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect The State Government does not lose its executive powers. There is no provision for a local body to take over full administration.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The Union Government cannot take over total administration of Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule, even on the Governor’s recommendation.

Explanation

✅ Pair I: International Year of the Woman Farmer : 2026 — Correct The UN designated 2026 to honor the vital role of women in agriculture and to address gender inequalities in farming globally.

✅ Pair II: International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism : 2027 — Correct 2027 is proclaimed to promote tourism that supports sustainable development and resilience against climate and health challenges.

✅ Pair III: International Year of Peace and Trust : 2025 — Correct The year 2025 focuses on fostering global peace, trust, and cooperation among nations and communities.

✅ Pair IV: International Year of Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence : 2029 — Correct 2029 marks the UN’s focus on asteroid awareness and planetary defense, coinciding with asteroid Apophis’s close approach.

Therefore, all four pairs are correctly matched.

Explanation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircraft systems operated without a human pilot onboard. Their capabilities depend on design type (like fixed-wing, multirotor, or hybrid) and power source.

❌ I. Vertical landing – Only VTOL and multirotor drones can do vertical landings. Fixed-wing UAVs cannot. ❌II. Automated hovering – Only multirotor drones and advanced hybrids can hover. Fixed-wing UAVs cannot hover at all. ❌ III. Battery-only power – Not all UAVs use batteries. Larger ones may use fuel, hybrid, or solar power.

None of the statements are correct.

Explanation

✅ I. Axiom-4: Correct Axiom-4 is a private crewed ISS mission focused on micro-gravity research through scientific experiments.

✅ II. SpaDeX: Correct SpaDeX, ISRO’s autonomous docking tech demo, also supports micro-gravity research during its mission.

✅ III. Gaganyaan: Correct India’s first human spaceflight, Gaganyaan, promotes micro-gravity research by enabling experiments in space.

Therefore, all three missions support and encourage micro-gravity research.

Explanation

✅ Statement I: Correct The President’s pardoning power can be judicially reviewed on limited grounds like mala fide or arbitrariness, so it’s not absolute.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The President must act on the advice of the Council of Ministers and cannot exercise the pardoning power independently.

Therefore, only Statement I is correct.

Explanation

The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a multimodal transport network aimed at boosting trade between India, Central Asia, Russia, and Europe, using a combination of sea, rail, and road routes via Iran.

The corridor connects Mumbai → Bandar Abbas (Iran) → Azerbaijan → Russia → Europe, with access to Central Asia.

Explanation

Direct Air Capture (DAC) is a technology that removes CO₂ directly from the air for storage or use in various industries.

✅ Statement I is correct:

• DAC captures CO₂ for carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gases.

✅ Statement II is correct:

• Captured CO₂ can be used to make plastics and in food processing.

✅ Statement III is correct:

• DAC provides carbon to make synthetic low-carbon aviation fuels by combining with hydrogen.

So, the correct answer is: C

Explanation

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a key arm of the World Bank Group, originally created for post-war reconstruction and now focused on development in middle-income nations.

✅ Statement I: Correct The IBRD provides loans and guarantees to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect The IBRD does not work single-handedly; it collaborates with other arms of the World Bank Group like IDA, IFC, etc.

✅ Statement III: Correct It was established in 1944 to help Europe rebuild after World War II.

Explanation

Correct answer: B. a large wheel with earthen pots tied to the outer ends of its spokes.

The Araghatta was an ancient Indian irrigation device consisting of a large wheel with earthen pots fixed around its rim. As the wheel rotated—usually powered by animals or humans—the pots dipped into a water source and lifted water for irrigation. This mechanism is distinct from leather bags or simple buckets pulled by hand and represents early mechanical water-lifting technology.

Explanation

Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) are privately pooled investment vehicles that invest in assets beyond traditional options like stocks and bonds. In India, SEBI classifies AIFs into three categories, including hedge funds and venture capital funds.

❌ Statement I: Incorrect

• Bonds are traditional debt instruments and not classified as AIFs.

✅ Statement II: Correct

• Hedge Funds fall under Category III AIFs as per SEBI regulations.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect

• Stocks are conventional equity investments, not treated as AIFs.

✅ Statement IV: Correct

• Venture Capital is a form of Category I AIF in India.

Explanation

RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) and NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer) are two major electronic payment systems in India, differing mainly in settlement speed and mechanism.

✅ Statement I: Correct RTGS processes transactions instantly in real time, while NEFT settles in hourly batches, causing a time lag.

❌ Statement II: Incorrect Inward transactions (receiving money) are not charged in either RTGS or NEFT as per RBI guidelines.

❌ Statement III: Incorrect Both RTGS and NEFT are available 24x7x365, including on holidays.