UPSC Prelims 2016 Analysis

Explanation

The Inland Waterways Authority of India under the Ministry of Shipping had proposed to guide and support Rajasthan government for building an Inland Shipping Port at Jalore.

The port and the terminal that are to be created will help develop inland navigation facilities in western Rajasthan and will also bring about socio-economic development of the region.

Business development opportunities along the canal for limestone, gypsum, lignite, and cement factories are to be explored by the state government.

Explanation

Net metering (also known as net energy metering) is a solar incentive that allows you to store energy in the electric grid. When your solar panels produce excess power, that energy is sent to the grid and in exchange, you can pull from the grid when your system is under-producing like during night-time.

Explanation

The European Stability Mechanism (ESM) is an intergovernmental organization located in Luxembourg City, which operates under public international law for all eurozone Member States having ratified a special ESM intergovernmental treaty.

It was established on 27 September 2012 as a permanent firewall for the eurozone, to safeguard and provide instant access to financial assistance programmes for member states of the eurozone in financial difficulty, with a maximum lending capacity of 500 billion.

Explanation

Bitcoins are not tracked by Central Banks in the same way traditional currencies are. Bitcoin transactions are recorded on a public ledger called a blockchain, but this ledger does not necessarily link transactions to individual users. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Anyone with a Bitcoin address can send and receive Bitcoins from anyone else with a Bitcoin address. These addresses are like account numbers but don't necessarily require identification. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Online payments can be sent with a certain degree of anonymity using Bitcoins. While the transaction itself is recorded on the blockchain, the identities of the sender and receiver are not directly revealed on the ledger. However, it's important to note that complete anonymity is difficult to achieve with Bitcoin due to the public nature of the blockchain. Hence, statement 3 is also correct.

Explanation

The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Mahayana sect of Buddhism, not the Hinayana (or Theravada) sect. The Hinayana sect emphasizes the ideal of the Arhat, who achieves personal liberation, whereas the Mahayana tradition focuses on the Bodhisattva ideal. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

The Bodhisattva is a central figure in Mahayana Buddhism, representing a being who has attained a high level of enlightenment but delays their full enlightenment (Nirvana) to compassionately help others achieve liberation.

The Bodhisattva is characterized by a commitment to the enlightenment of all sentient beings, rather than seeking individual liberation. The Bodhisattva willingly delays their own attainment of Nirvana in order to guide and assist others on the path to enlightenment. Therefore, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Explanation

Siddhas and Monotheism The Siddhas (Sittars) of the Tamil region were indeed monotheistic. They believed in a single ultimate reality and often rejected the traditional Hindu practices of idol worship and elaborate temple rituals.

Lingayats and Social Reform The Lingayats of the Kannada region challenged the established social order. They did not subscribe to the concept of rebirth within the caste system. They emphasized equality and rejected the rigidities of the caste system.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation

Neither of the statements are correct regarding the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

Statement 1 Incorrect. While China and Russia were not part of the TPP negotiations, it wasn't solely focused on Pacific Rim countries. Other economies like Vietnam and Singapore were part of the TPP despite not exactly being on the Pacific Rim.

Statement 2 Incorrect. The TPP was a proposed trade agreement, not a strategic alliance for maritime security. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic integration among member countries.

The TPP negotiations were concluded in 2015, but the agreement was never ratified by all the signatories. The United States withdrew from the TPP in 2017, effectively ending the initiative in its original form. However, some member countries pursued alternative trade agreements based on the TPP framework.

Explanation

India took a step forward in its ambitious but long-pending goal to interlink major rivers to form a national water grid. The Pattiseema project lifts flood water from the river Godavari and pumps it into the Polavaram right canal that empties into the river Krishna in Vijayawada.

Andhra Pradesh Government is interlinking Krishna-Godavari rivers through the Pattiseema lift irrigation scheme.

Explanation

Mdecins sans frontires (MSF), also known in English as Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian medical non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin best known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.

Mdecins sans frontires was founded in 1971, in the aftermath of the Biafra secession, by a small group of French doctors and journalists who sought to expand access to medical care across national boundaries irrespective of race, religion, creed or political affiliation.

Explanation

1. Kurd Bangladesh (Incorrect) Kurds are a Muslim ethnic group with a significant population in southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and northern Syria. They are not a major community in Bangladesh.

2. Madhesi Nepal (Correct) Madhesis are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group inhabiting the Terai plains of southern Nepal. They are a politically and socially aware community that has sometimes advocated for greater rights and representation within Nepal.

3. Rohingya Myanmar (Correct) Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic group facing persecution in Myanmar. They are often mentioned in the news due to human rights concerns and the ongoing Rohingya genocide.

Explanation

Under Article 112 of the Constitution of India, the Annual Financial Statement has to distinguish expenditure of the Government on revenue account from other expenditures.

Government Budget, therefore, comprises Revenue Budget and Capital Budget.

Capital Budget consists of capital receipts and capital payments.

The capital receipts are loans raised by the Government from the public, called market loans, borrowings by the Government from the Reserve Bank and other parties through the sale of Treasury Bills loans received from foreign Governments and bodies, disinvestment receipts and recoveries of loans from State and Union Territory Governments and other parties.

• Capital payments consist of capital expenditure on the acquisition of assets like land, buildings, machinery, and equipment, as also investments in shares, etc., and loans and advances granted by the Central Government to State and Union Territory Governments, Government companies, Corporations and other parties.

Therefore, all the statements are correct.

Explanation

Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)' is an electric plane that has been recently tested by NASA.

Some key points about GL-10

1. It is a subscale, remotely-piloted, hybrid-electric aircraft designed and developed by NASA.
2. The GL-10 is a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft that can also transition to wing-borne flight.
3. It is being tested by NASA as a potential future unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or cargo plane.
4. The GL-10 is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of distributed electric propulsion technology, which uses multiple propellers or fans to provide lift and thrust.

Explanation

Both statements (1 and 2) are correct regarding the taxation system of Krishna Deva Raya, the ruler of Vijayanagar.

Land tax based on quality The Vijayanagara Empire, under Krishna Deva Raya, had a well-defined taxation system. Land revenue was the primary source of income, and the tax rate was determined based on the land's quality, fertility, and irrigation methods. This ensured a fair system where more productive lands yielded higher tax revenue.

Industry tax Besides land tax, the empire levied taxes on various professions and activities. Private workshops and businesses likely paid an industry tax, contributing to the state's treasury.

Explanation

While TEEB is a well-respected initiative, it's not directly hosted by UNEP, IMF, and the World Economic Forum. Germany and the European Commission launched it in response to a proposal by G85 Environment Ministers. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

TEEB's primary goal is to highlight the economic value of biodiversity and ecosystems. It aims to move beyond traditional economic models that often overlook the significant contributions that nature makes to human well-being. By providing tools and methodologies, TEEB empowers decision-makers to consider these values when making choices that impact the environment.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Explanation

The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020.

Not all UN member countries signed the Paris Agreement when the question was asked by the UPSC. As of today, 195 parties (194 states and the European Union) have joined. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect

The Paris Agreement's central aim is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. So, statement 2 is correct.

The Paris Agreement acknowledges the historical responsibility of developed countries and calls for them to provide financial assistance to developing countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, the specific amount of $1000 billion per year is not mentioned in the agreement. Rather, $100 billion was agreed upon but modalities are yet to finalise. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.

Explanation

The great hornbill, also known as the concave-casqued hornbill, great Indian hornbill or great pied hornbill, is one of the larger members of the hornbill family. It occurs in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is predominantly frugivorous, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles and birds.

The great hornbill is native to the forests of India, Bhutan, Nepal, mainland Southeast Asia and Sumatra. Its distribution is fragmented in the Western Ghats and in the foothills of the Himalayas.

Explanation

Neem-coated Urea dissolves slower, unlike normal Urea which prevents leaching. Neem has properties that check nitrogen loss at each stage. It slows down the process of nitrate formation and hence excess nitrate is not available for denitrification.

The government made it compulsory for the producers of Neem-coat per cent of the Urea they produce. It is believed to check the diversion of fertiliser (which is highly subsidised) to the chemical industry also.

Explanation

Scientists at the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) have discovered a new species of banana from a remote tropical rain forest on the Little Andaman islands. This unique plant stands out for its impressive height, reaching up to 11 meters, which is about three times taller than the average banana plant we're familiar with.

The species, Musa indandamanensis, was located about 16 km inside the Krishna Nalah forest in the island. It is a distinct global species with unique green flowers and fruit bunch lux (axis) thrice the size of a regular banana species. The fruit pulp is orange in colour, distinctive from the white and yellow colour of regular bananas. Unlike the other banana species whose flowers are conical, its flowers are cylindrical.

Explanation

1. Incorrect The FSDC is not an organ of NITI Aayog. It's a separate apex-level body under the Ministry of Finance.

2. Correct The FSDC is headed by the Union Finance Minister.

3. Correct The FSDC plays a crucial role in monitoring macro-prudential supervision of the economy. Macro-prudential supervision focuses on preventing systemic risks within the financial system that could destabilize the entire economy.

Therefore, the correct answer is 2 and 3 only.

Explanation

It is published by the World Bank.

Ease of Doing Business Index This index was a global ranking that assessed the regulatory environment for business startups and operations in different economies. It measured regulations in areas like starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and resolving insolvency.

Note The World Bank discontinued the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2021 due to concerns about data irregularities in some past reports.

Explanation

All the three are tributaries of the Brahmaputra.

Manas, Dibang, Kameng and Lohit are the key tributaries of the river Brahmaputra.

Explanation

DigiLocker is a digital locker system offered by the Government of India under the Digital India Programme. It aims to minimize the use of physical documents and enable easy access to digital copies.

DigiLocker allows you to access your electronic documents (e-documents) anytime and anywhere as long as you have an internet connection. This provides convenience and eliminates the need to carry physical documents.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation

Malavikagnimitra, a play by Kalidasa, narrates the love story of King Agnimitra, the son of Pushyamitra Shunga, the founder of the Sunga dynasty.

Swapnavasavadatta This Sanskrit play by Bhasa does not revolve around the Sunga dynasty. Meghadoota This poem by Kalidasa focuses on the pining of a separated Yaksha and doesn't involve historical figures. Ratnavali This play by Sri Harsha also doesn't have a connection to the Sunga dynasty or its rulers.

Explanation

Mangalyaan is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). This was its official designation. Thus, statement 1 is correct.

India was not the second country to orbit Mars. Several countries had successfully sent spacecraft to Mars before Mangalyaan, including the USA, Russia, and the European Space Agency (ESA). Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

India was indeed the only country at that time to succeed in placing a spacecraft into Martian orbit on its very first attempt. This was a significant achievement for ISRO. Thus, statement 3 is correct.

Explanation

The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.

The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Privy Seal and leader of the House of Commons. Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist Congress leaders, who spoke for the majority Indians, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, who spoke for the minority Muslim population. Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of elections and full self-government (Dominion status) once the war was over.

Cripps discussed the proposals, which he had drafted himself, with the Indian leaders and published them. Both the major parties rejected his proposals, and they were also unacceptable to Churchill; no middle way was found and the mission failed.

Explanation

Andhra Pradesh is set to house India's first national investment and manufacturing zone after the state assured the Centre of availability of 2500 acres (10 sq km) of land in one place in Prakasam district.

The imminent final approval for the NIMZ, which is expected to give a fillip to the Prime Minister's Make in India campaign, comes four years after the concept was mooted to boost manufacturing in the country and two years after the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion gave an in-principle nod to Andhra Pradesh in this regard.

Explanation

The SDR is an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and not a single currency. Its value is based on a basket of five major world currencies

• US Dollar (USD)
• Euro (EUR)
• Japanese Yen (JPY)
• British Pound Sterling (GBP)
• Chinese Renminbi (RMB) (added in 2016)

The IMF reviews the composition of the SDR basket every five years to ensure it reflects the relative importance of currencies in the global trading and financial system. The inclusion of the RMB in 2016 signified the growing importance of the Chinese economy in the world.

Explanation

INDCs were submitted by countries in the lead-up to the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015. They were essentially preliminary plans outlining each country's intended actions to address climate change.

The term "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (INDC) is seen in the news in the context of climate change mitigation efforts.

Intended These were initial pledges, not legally binding commitments. Nationally Determined Each country defined its own contributions based on its capabilities. Contributions These plans outlined actions countries planned to take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Explanation

Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) is aimed at providing affordable credit to micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the non-farm sector.

Here's a breakdown of its key objectives

• Financial Inclusion MUDRA helps bring unbanked or underserved entrepreneurs into the formal financial system, enabling them to access loans from banks and other financial institutions.
• Loan Products The scheme offers a range of loan products categorized under three categories based on loan amount Shishu (up to Rs. 50,000), Kishore (above Rs. 50,000 up to Rs. 5 lakh), and Tarun (above Rs. 5 lakh up to Rs. 10 lakh).
• Focus on Non-Farm Sector MUDRA loans cater to income-generating micro enterprises engaged in manufacturing, trading, or service activities. - Activities allied to agriculture, like poultry, dairy, and beekeeping, are also included.

Explanation

The post of Chief Secretary (Mukhya Sachiv) is the senior-most position held in the civil service of the states and union territories of India.

Appointment The Chief Secretary is chosen by the Chief Minister of the state. While the Chief Minister consults with various parties, the final decision rests with them. The appointment is then issued formally in the Governor's name.

Tenure There is no fixed tenure for the Chief Secretary position. The Chief Minister can decide on the length of service.

Hence, both statements are incorrect.

Explanation

All the statements provided are correct.

Viruses that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophages or phages. These viruses use bacterial cells as hosts to replicate and propagate.

Certain viruses, called mycoviruses, can infect and replicate within fungal cells, using them as hosts.

Viruses that infect plants are known as plant viruses. They can hijack the cellular machinery of plant cells to replicate and spread within the plant.

Explanation

MCLR (Marginal Cost of Funds-based Lending Rate) This is a benchmark interest rate set by banks in India, below which they cannot lend. It represents the minimum cost of funds for the bank, considering factors like their own borrowing costs, operating expenses, and a profit margin. The purposes of MCLR as outlined by the RBI include

Improved Transparency (point 1) MCLR standardizes the method for calculating the minimum lending rate. This transparency allows borrowers to better understand how banks arrive at their interest rates and facilitates comparison between different banks.

Fairness for Borrowers and Banks (point 2) MCLR ensures a certain level of fairness. It prevents banks from setting arbitrarily high minimum lending rates, potentially benefiting borrowers. At the same time, it allows banks to cover their basic costs and earn a reasonable profit margin.

Therefore, both options 1 and 2 accurately reflect the purposes of the MCLR system.

Explanation

The person who first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka was James Prinsep.

James Prinsep (1799-1840) was an English philologist, antiquary and administrator who served in the British East India Company. He played a crucial role in deciphering and interpreting the inscriptions and edicts of Emperor Ashoka, which were written in the Brahmi script.

In the 1830s, Prinsep was able to decipher the Brahmi script and translate Ashoka's inscriptions, which provided valuable insights into the reign and policies of the Mauryan emperor. His groundbreaking work helped establish the historical significance of Ashoka and the Mauryan empire.

Explanation

Ajanta and Mahabalipuram were not built in the same period. Ajanta is known for its rock-cut cave monuments, which were constructed from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE, primarily during the Gupta and Vakataka dynasties. On the other hand, Mahabalipuram's rock-cut monuments and structures were built primarily during the 7th and 8th centuries CE, under the Pallava dynasty.

Ajanta is associated with Buddhism, as the cave monuments were used as monasteries and temples by Buddhist monks. Mahabalipuram, on the other hand, is associated with Hinduism, as the rock-cut monuments and temples are dedicated to Hindu deities and themes.

Both Ajanta and Mahabalipuram are known for their remarkable rock-cut monuments and structures. The Ajanta Caves are a series of rock-cut cave temples and monasteries, while Mahabalipuram is renowned for its rock-cut temples, Rathas (chariot-shaped temples), and other monumental structures carved directly out of rock.

Therefore, the only common feature between Ajanta and Mahabalipuram is that both have rock-cut monuments, as stated in statement 3.

Explanation

The UDAY scheme (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana), launched by the Government of India in 2015, has multiple objectives aimed at improving the financial health and operational efficiency of electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) in India.

Explanation

Red Sanders, also known as Red Sandalwood or Pterocarpus santalinus, is indeed a tree species native to the southern Eastern Ghats mountain range of India.

It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rainforest areas of South India. Red Sanders is not typically found in tropical rainforests. It grows in drier semi-arid regions of the Eastern Ghats. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

To safeguard and support the world's agricultural heritage systems, FAO started an initiative for the identification and dynamic conservation of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2002.

Statement 1 (incorrect) The GIAHS program is not primarily focused on increasing productivity through modern methods. While some improvement might occur, the emphasis is on safeguarding traditional practices.

Statement 2 (correct) This accurately describes the core objective of GIAHS - identifying and protecting valuable traditional agricultural systems, their landscapes, biodiversity, and the knowledge of local communities.

Statement 3 (incorrect) While some GIAHS products might qualify for Geographical Indication status, it's not an automatic benefit. This status recognizes a specific product's link to its origin and traditional production methods.

Explanation

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is most often mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of China.

China-Led Initiative BRI is a global development strategy spearheaded by the Chinese government. It aims to create a network of trade routes connecting China with other countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa through investments in infrastructure development.

Explanation

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, originally (and still colloquially) known as the Gulf Cooperation Council, is a regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf except Iran.

• Its member states are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

• The Charter of the Gulf Cooperation Council was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution.

Explanation

AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian astronomy mission aimed at studying celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV spectral bands simultaneously. India is the 5th country to join the space observatory elite list after the USA, Russia, Japan, and Europe. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

AstroSat with a lift-off mass of about 1513 kg was launched into a 650 km orbit inclined at an angle of 6 degrees to the equator by PSLV-C30. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer.

Explanation

Satyashodhak Samaj is a social reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune, India, on 24 September 1873. Its purpose was to liberate the less privileged in the then-prevailing society such as women, Shudra, and Dalit from exploitation and oppression.

Jyotirao's wife Savitribai was the head of the women's section of the society.

Through his writing and work, Jyotirao advocated against the caste system and the illogical and orthodox status of Brahmin.

Phule had also started a newspaper Deenbandhu which provided the voice for the views of the Samaj.

Jyotirao Phule?s book Gulamgiri is dedicated to the pain, suffering and hardship faced by slaves.

Explanation

INS Astradharini is an indigenously built torpedo launch and recovery vessel for the Indian Navy.

Explanation

According to Article 249 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting.

Explanation

Every package of food shall carry the following information on the label, namely,

• The Name of Food The name of the food shall include trade name or description of food contained in the package.

• List of Ingredients except for single-ingredient foods, a list of ingredients shall be declared on the label.

• Nutritional Information or nutritional facts per 100 gm or 100ml or per serving of the product shall be given on the label.

• Vegetarian/non-vegetarian shall be mentioned.

• There is no provision for recommendations of any medical professional regarding allergies.

Therefore, 1,2 and 4 are correct statements.

Explanation

International Collaboration Desertification is a global challenge, and the UNCCD brings together countries to share knowledge, resources, and best practices in combating desertification. Local Participation Local communities living in drylands are most affected by desertification and have valuable knowledge about their environment. The UNCCD encourages their involvement in developing and implementing solutions.

While the UNCCD may provide some support to specific regions like South Asia and North Africa, its focus is global. Thus, statement 2 is not entirely accurate.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

Explanation

The movie The Man Who Knew Infinity is based on the life of the famous Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. It portrays his journey from India to England and his collaboration with the British mathematician G.H. Hardy.

Explanation

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells.

It is sometimes used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment.

It differs from the exome in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a specified cell population and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule in addition to the molecular identities.

Explanation

Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the plant's roots, minimizing water reaching the soil surface. This reduces weed growth that thrives in areas with constant moisture. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Soil salinity refers to the salt concentration in the soil. Drip irrigation itself doesn't directly address salinity levels. However, it can be used in conjunction with other techniques to manage salinity, such as applying precise amounts of water to flush out salts. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

Drip irrigation applies water slowly and directly to the roots, reducing water runoff. This helps prevent soil erosion, which can be a major problem with traditional irrigation methods that flood the land. Thus, statement 3 is correct.

Explanation

"The correct answer is C, 3 only."

The terms mentioned above are all related to the Kyoto Protocol. Here's a brief explanation of each term

Annex-I Countries These countries have pledged to reduce their emissions by being a part of the Kyoto Protocol.The Cartagena Protocol is a separate international treaty on biosafety.

Certified Emissions Reductions These are a type of carbon credit that is granted by the Kyoto Protocol for achieving emission reductions through a clean development mechanism project. The Nagoya Protocol is another international treaty focusing on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization.

Clean Development Mechanism It is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries as a way to earn emission reduction credits.

Explanation

The term "import cover" refers to the number of months a country's foreign exchange reserves can finance its imports. It's a crucial indicator of a country's external trade stability and its ability to meet its import obligations.

Explanation

WE can find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Star Label on all of the following options

-Ceiling fans -Electric geysers -Tubular fluorescent lamps

The BEE Star Label is a program that promotes energy efficiency in India by labeling appliances and electronic devices based on their energy consumption. Many different categories of appliances are covered under this program

Explanation

The National Mission for Green India (GIM) is one of the eight Missions outlined under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).

Mission Goals To increase forest/tree cover to the extent of 5 million hectares (mha) and improve quality of forest/tree cover on another 5 mha of forest/non-forest lands;

To improve/enhance ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and storage (in forests and other ecosystems), hydrological services and biodiversity; along with provisioning services like fuel, fodder, and timber and non-timber forest produces (NTFPs); and

To increase forest-based livelihood income of about 3 million households.

Explanation

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a way of measuring and communicating how clean or polluted the air is. It uses a scale from 0 to 500, with higher numbers indicating greater levels of air pollution.

AQI doesn't directly measure a single pollutant, but rather considers the concentration of several key air pollutants

Particulate Matter (PM) These are tiny particles suspended in the air, including PM2.5 (less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter) and PM10 (less than 10 micrometres). PM can irritate the lungs and cause respiratory problems. Ozone Ground-level ozone is a gas formed by chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight. It can irritate the respiratory system and worsen asthma. Nitrogen Dioxide Traffic emissions and industrial processes release nitrogen dioxide, which can irritate the respiratory system. Sulfur Dioxide Mainly produced by burning fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems. Carbon Monoxide This gas is a product of incomplete combustion and can be harmful at high concentrations, impacting human health.

Explanation

The unique features of the Kharai camel include

Kharai camels can indeed swim up to three kilometres in seawater (statement 1 is correct). This exceptional ability allows them to reach islands near the shore where they find their preferred food source.

Their name "Kharai" comes from the Gujarati word for "salty" because they primarily graze on saline plants and mangroves (statement 2 is correct). This dietary adaptation allows them to thrive in the harsh coastal environment.

However, statement 3 is incorrect. Kharai camels are herded by local communities (Maldhari) in the Kutch region of Gujarat, India. Their milk is consumed, and male calves are sometimes sold.

Explanation

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is the financing, planning, implementing, monitoring, and coordinating authority for the Ganges River, functioning under the Jal Shakti Ministry.

The mission of the organisation is to safeguard the drainage basin which feeds water into the Ganges by protecting it from pollution or overuse. In July 2014, the NGRBA has been transferred from the Ministry of Environment and Forests to the Ministry of Jal Shakti.

The Prime Minister is the chair of the Authority. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect. Other members include the cabinet ministers of ministries that include the Ganges among their direct concerns and the chief ministers of states through which the Ganges River flows.

Explanation

Statement 1 Incorrect. The OPCW is an independent intergovernmental organization, not affiliated with a specific region like the European Union. It cooperates with various organizations, including NATO and WHO, on matters related to chemical weapons, but it's not directly under their purview.

Statement 2 Correct. The OPCW plays a crucial role in monitoring the chemical industry to prevent the proliferation of chemical weapons. This includes inspections of declared chemical facilities and verification of disarmament efforts.

Statement 3 Correct. The OPCW offers assistance and protection to member states (Parties) facing threats from chemical weapons. This can involve providing training, equipment, and expertise to help countries enhance their chemical security measures.

Explanation

Actions that can help reduce the deficit

1. Reducing revenue expenditure (Correct) This involves cutting back on non-essential government spending. Examples include reducing administrative costs, curtailing travel expenses, or postponing discretionary infrastructure projects.
2. Rationalizing subsidies (Correct) This means making subsidies more targeted and efficient. The government can identify and eliminate wasteful subsidies or ensure they reach the intended beneficiaries.

Actions that will likely increase the deficit

2. Introducing new welfare schemes (Incorrect) This would increase government spending and contribute to the deficit.
3. Reducing import duty (Incorrect) Lower import duties can lead to a decrease in government revenue collected from customs duties. This can worsen the deficit.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3 only (Reducing revenue expenditure and Rationalizing subsidies)

Explanation

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is a set of internationally recognized standards for measuring and managing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

A collaboration between the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Its purpose is to establish a standardized approach for GHG accounting and reporting, enabling consistent and comparable data across organizations and sectors.

Explanation

The IndiaAfrica Forum Summit (IAFS) is the official platform for the African-Indian relations.

IAFS will be held once every three years. It was first held from April 4 to April 8, 2008, in New Delhi, India. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.

It was the first such meeting between the heads of state and government of India and 14 countries of Africa chosen by the African Union.

Explanation

Shale gas is a natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations.

• In India, shale gas resources are found in several regions.
• The Cambay Basin, located in western India, is one of the oldest and most productive sedimentary basins in India and has been a major source of conventional oil and gas.
• The Cauvery Basin and Krishna-Godavari Basin are also known to have shale gas resources.

Therefore, all three basins mentioned in the options are known to have shale gas resources. Hence, the correct answer is (d) 1, 2 and 3.

Explanation

All three indicators (1, 2, and 3) are used by IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) to compute the Global Hunger Index Report.

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at global, regional, and national levels. It's a peer-reviewed annual report, now jointly published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.

Purpose To assess hunger severity and track progress towards ending hunger.

Each country's GHI score is calculated based on a formula that combines four indicators that together capture the multidimensional nature of hunger

• Undernourishment The share of the population whose caloric intake is insufficient;
• Child Stunting The share of children under the age of five who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition;
• Child Wasting The share of children under the age of five who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition; and
• Child Mortality The share of children who die before their fifth birthday, reflecting in part the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments.

Explanation

District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) were established in India under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015.

The primary purpose of DMFs is to work for the welfare and benefit of areas and individuals affected by mining-related operations. This includes protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations.

However, DMFs do not have the authority to issue licenses for mineral exploration, as this is the responsibility of the State Governments.

Also, promoting mineral explorative activities in mineral-rich districts is not a stated objective of DMFs.

Their focus is more on the welfare of the affected persons and areas.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 2 only.

Explanation

The statement 1 is correct. The Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion aims to demonstrate improved production and post-harvest technologies in an integrated manner with a cluster approach.

Statement 2 is also correct. Millets are mainly grown in regions of low annual rainfall and poor arid soil. It is inadequate, small, marginal and tribal farmers, who cannot afford costly irrigation practices, depend on the cultivation of millets. Hence these farmers benefit from the scheme and have a larger stake in this scheme.

Statement 3 is not correct. There is no such provision to encourage commercial crop farmers to shift to millet cultivation.

Explanation

1 is Incorrect A bill pending in the Lok Sabha does not lapse on prorogation. Prorogation is a temporary adjournment, and all pending business, including bills, is carried forward when the House reconvenes.

2 is Correct A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha, which has not been passed by the Lok Sabha, does not lapse on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha is a continuing body, and bills pending there can be taken up by the new Lok Sabha.

Dissolution, unlike prorogation, completely dissolves the existing Lok Sabha. However, bills in the Rajya Sabha are not affected by this change.

Explanation

The term Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) This is a regional organization of 10 Southeast Asian countries Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Partners RCEP is a free trade agreement between ASEAN and its existing FTA partners. These partners include Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea. Therefore, RCEP news is related t

Explanation

Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan is a national campaign to eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate manual scavengers in India.

It was launched in 2001 by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with the aim of

• Eliminating manual scavenging This involves identifying and prohibiting the practice of manual cleaning of human excreta from sewers, septic tanks, and other unsanitary places.
• Rehabilitating manual scavengers This includes providing alternative livelihoods, social security, and educational opportunities to those who have been engaged in manual scavenging.

Explanation

Banjaras during the medieval period of Indian history were generally traders.

They were nomadic communities known for transporting goods like salt, grain, cattle, and other necessities across long distances using bullock caravans called tandas. They played a crucial role in facilitating trade and commerce within the Indian subcontinent.

Explanation

On 24th January 1868 Keshab Chandra Sen laid the foundation stone of his mandir called the Tabernacle of New Dispensation. Keshab and his followers marched to the proposed spot early in the morning performing Sankirtan and this was the first Brahmo street procession and it was the first of its kind in Calcutta.

Indian Reforms Association aligns better with Sen's social reform activities. He established this association upon returning from Europe in 1870 to advocate for social progress in areas like education, women's rights, and temperance.

The Calcutta Unitarian Committee, jointly founded by William Adam and Rammohun Roy in September 1821, sought to bring together prominent Brahmins who were friends of Roy's and supporters of his agenda for the promotion of religious monotheism and social reform among Hindus. Thus, statement one is incorrect.

Explanation

The first state in India to declare a state butterfly was Maharashtra.

Maharashtra designated the Blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) as its state butterfly in 2005. It's a large, black colored butterfly with velvet wings and bright blue spots.

Explanation

Out of the listed pairs, the following are correctly matched

2. Khajuraho - Bundelkhand (Correct)

3. Tirupati - Rayalaseema (Correct)

4. Bodhgaya - Baghelkhand (Incorrect) Bodhgaya is situated in the Magadh region of Bihar.

5. Shirdi - Vidarbha (Incorrect) Shirdi is located in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, not Vidarbha.

6. Nasik (Nashik) - Malwa (Incorrect) Nashik is in the northwest region of Maharashtra, not Malwa, which is located in Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation

The 'Global Financial Stability Report' is prepared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The Global Financial Stability Report is a semiannual report published by the IMF that assesses the stability of the global financial system and emerging market financing. It highlights potential risks and vulnerabilities in the financial system and provides policy recommendations to promote financial stability.

Explanation

The 'Swadeshi' (promotion of indigenous products and industries) and 'Boycott' (of British goods and institutions) were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the Anti-Partition Movement or the Swadeshi Movement of 1905-1911.

This movement was sparked by the decision of the British colonial government to partition the province of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as an attempt to weaken the nationalist movement in Bengal.

Explanation

The Stand-up India scheme aims at promoting entrepreneurship among women and scheduled castes and tribes. The scheme is anchored by the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

• Scheme provides for refinance window through Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) with an initial amount of Rs, 10,000 Crore.
• Stand-Up India Scheme facilitates bank loans between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 Crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower per bank branch for setting up a greenfield enterprise.
• This enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the trading sector.
• In the case of non-individual enterprises, at least 51% of the shareholding and controlling stake should be held by either an SC/ST or woman entrepreneur.

Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation

At the fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012), the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa considered the possibility of setting up a new Development Bank to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries. So, statement 1 is incorrect.

The bank is headquartered in Shanghai, China. So, statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

Statement 1 is Correct The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is indeed an arm of the World Bank Group, a group of five international organizations that work together to fight poverty and promote sustainable development. The IFC specifically focuses on encouraging growth in the private sector of developing countries.

Statement 2 is Correct Masala bonds are rupee-denominated bonds issued by foreign entities (public or private sector) outside of India. These bonds raise capital for the issuer in Indian rupees, providing an alternative funding source.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 2 both are correct.

Explanation

Under SWAYAM or Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds programme of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, professors and faculties from centrally funded institutions like IITs, IIMs, central universities will offer online courses to citizens of India.

SWAYAM is an instrument for self-actualisation providing opportunities for life-long learning. Here, learners can choose from hundreds of courses, virtually every course that is taught at the university/college/school level and these shall be offered by the best of the teachers in India and elsewhere.

Explanation

The memorizing of chronicles, dynastic histories, and Epic tales was the profession of Maagadha.

To make it easier to remember, let's break it down

• Chronicles These are the records of historical events in chronological order.
• Dynastic histories These detail the histories of dynasties or royal families.
• Epic tales These are long, narrative poems about heroic deeds.

So, a Maagadha was essentially a historical storyteller or a keeper of history and legends.

Explanation

A core banking solution is a centralized system that integrates various banking functions across a bank's branches.

It allows for Networked branches Customers can access their accounts and conduct transactions from any branch within the bank's network, regardless of where they originally opened their account. Improved efficiency CBS automates many manual processes, leading to faster transactions and better customer service. Centralized data management All customer information and account data are stored in a central location, facilitating easier access and record keeping.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 only.

Explanation

The minimum age to be a member of Panchayat is not 25 years, but 21 years as per the Indian Constitution. Therefore, the first statement is incorrect.

The second statement is correct. If a Panchayat is reconstituted after premature dissolution, it continues only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Panchayat would have continued under normal circumstances.

Explanation

Project Loon, though no longer operational, was an initiative related to providing internet connectivity.

Project Loon was a project by Loon LLC, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. (Google's parent company). It aimed to deliver internet access to remote and underserved areas around the world. The project utilized high-altitude balloons that floated in the stratosphere, carrying equipment to create an aerial wireless network. Sadly, Project Loon was shut down in January 2021 due to challenges in achieving commercial viability.

Explanation

The Gadgil Committee Report and Kasturirangan Committee Report are both related to the protection of the Western Ghats in India.

Gadgil Committee Report This report, submitted in 2011, emphasized strict environmental protection measures for the Western Ghats. It recommended declaring the entire Western Ghats region as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) with varying levels of protection zones.

Kasturirangan Committee Report This report, submitted in 2012, was constituted to examine the Gadgil Committee Report. It aimed to find a balance between environmental protection and the developmental needs of the region. While acknowledging the ecological importance of the Western Ghats, it proposed a slightly modified approach to the ESA boundaries compared to the Gadgil Committee Report.

Explanation

The Extremist wanted to extend the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement to regions outside Bengal and also include all forms of associations (government services, law courts, councils, etc.) within the boycott programme, thus starting a nationwide mass movement.

Unlike Extremists, Moderates were opposed to extending the movement and the idea of passive resistance. They felt that it involved the use of force.

After the split, the Congress came to be dominated by the Moderates with Tilak?s followers functioning from outside.

The two groups reunited in December 1915. Next year, the Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the country.

Explanation

The terms "amber box," "blue box," and "green box" are often associated with the agriculture sector and are commonly used in discussions related to international trade negotiations, particularly within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture.

Amber Box This refers to domestic support measures considered to distort agricultural production and trade. These measures typically include price supports, production subsidies, and other forms of support that are considered trade-distorting.

Blue Box This category includes domestic support measures that are considered less trade-distorting compared to those in the amber box. However, they still involve certain constraints or conditions aimed at limiting their trade-distorting effects.

Green Box These are domestic support measures that are considered minimally or non-trade-distorting. They typically include subsidies that are tied to environmental or rural development objectives, as well as certain types of direct income support that do not distort trade significantly.

Explanation

Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash, and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The Bond is issued by the Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India.

Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS), which modifies the existing Gold Deposit Scheme (GDS) and Gold Metal Loan Scheme (GML), is intended to mobilise gold held by households and institutions of the country and facilitate its use for productive purposes, and in the long run, to reduce the country's reliance on the import of gold.

Explanation

Under Section 12 of the Gram Nyayalaya Act, Gram Nyayalayas has criminal jurisdiction. Therefore, Gram Nyayalayas have both civil jurisdiction and criminal jurisdiction. So, statement 1 is incorrect.

According to section 26, Gram Nyayalaya must make efforts for conciliation and settlement of civil disputes. To fulfil the purpose of Section 26, under Section 27, the District Court shall, in consultation with the District Magistrate, prepare a panel consisting of the names of social workers at the village level having integrity for appointment as Conciliators who possess such qualifications and experience as may be prescribed by the High Court. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

Eripatti (Correct match) Eripatti refers to land set apart specifically for the maintenance of village tanks. The revenue generated from this land was used to finance the upkeep of these vital water sources for irrigation and other uses.

Taniyurs (Incorrect match) While Taniyurs were land grants, they were not exclusively for Brahmins. They were larger revenue units that could include several villages and were often associated with the Cholas.

Ghatikas (Correct match) Ghatikas were centres of learning, particularly religious education, often attached to temples. They were smaller institutions compared to Agraharas, which were larger temple-based educational complexes.

Explanation

Out of the options listed, the correct statements regarding Atal Pension Yojana are

Correct Atal Pension Yojana is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme primarily targeted at unorganized sector workers in India. It encourages saving for retirement through regular contributions during their working years.

Incorrect There is no restriction on the number of family members who can join the Atal Pension Yojana scheme. As long as they meet the eligibility criteria (age 18-40 and savings bank account), multiple members within a family can enroll.

Correct Atal Pension Yojana provides a pension benefit for the spouse after the subscriber's death. The spouse becomes the nominee and receives a pension, though the specific amount might differ depending on the chosen pension plan by the subscriber.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3

Explanation

Araghatta, also known as the 'Persian wheel' or 'Norias', was a device used in medieval India for lifting water from wells or rivers for irrigation purposes.

It typically consisted of a large wheel fitted with pots or buckets along its circumference. As the wheel rotated, the pots would fill with water from a water source and then empty into a trough, channel, or aqueduct for distribution to fields or other areas requiring irrigation.

Explanation

The term "Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)" refers to tax planning strategies used by multinational companies to artificially shift profits from higher-tax jurisdictions to lower-tax jurisdictions, thereby reducing their overall tax liabilities.

This practice often involves exploiting gaps and mismatches in tax rules between different countries. BEPS has been a major concern for governments worldwide as it can lead to significant revenue losses and erode the tax base of countries where economic activity occurs.

Efforts to address BEPS involve cooperation among countries to develop common standards and guidelines to prevent tax avoidance by multinational corporations.

Explanation

The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is a government-sponsored crop insurance scheme.

Under this scheme, farmers have to pay a uniform premium of 2% for all Kharif crops, 1.5% for all Rabi crops, and 5% for commercial/horticultural crops. Therefore, the first statement is incorrect as the premium rate is not uniform for all crops in all seasons.

The second statement is correct. The scheme does cover post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b) 2 only.

Explanation

Statement 1 is Correct The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) serves as a vital forum for discussing global economic issues and providing guidance to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It brings together finance ministers, central bank governors, and other high-level officials from member countries to discuss challenges and opportunities facing the global economy. They also advise the IMF on its policy direction and work program.

Statement 2 is Correct The World Bank, while a separate institution, collaborates closely with the IMF. While not a formal member of the IMFC, the World Bank typically participates as an observer in IMFC meetings. This allows for better coordination and exchange of information between the two institutions on matters of mutual interest, such as global economic stability and development.

Explanation

In 1972, Countries met in Stockholm, Sweden, for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, to consider the rights of the family to a healthy and productive environment.

In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development (later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio20 held in Indonesia in July 2011. Thus, statement 1 is incorrect.

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The consensus is that these SDGs have to be achieved by 2030. Thus, statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to constitutional reforms in British India.

These proposals, named after Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, aimed to gradually introduce self-governing institutions in India.

The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report of 1918 and later formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919.

Explanation

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) utilizes light waves for data transmission. It uses rapid flickering of light, invisible to the human eye, to carry information.

Li-Fi is a wireless technology and has the potential to be significantly faster than Wi-Fi. While actual speeds depend on various factors, Li-Fi boasts theoretical speeds exceeding 100 Gbps compared to the current Wi-Fi standards offering up to 11 Gbps.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation

Mission Indradhanush launched by the Government of India pertains to immunization.

Specifically, it's a special immunization program that aims to

• Increase full immunization coverage Mission Indradhanush targets children under two years old and pregnant women to ensure they receive all the recommended vaccines for protection against vaccine-preventable diseases.
• Focus on low-coverage areas
• Improve routine immunization

By focusing on these aspects, Mission Indradhanush aims to improve overall child health and reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases in India.

Explanation

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris on November 30, 2015, by India and France. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

The Alliance was not open to all UN member countries (now extended to all members of the UN). While membership has expanded since its inception, it currently focuses on countries lying geographically between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, also known as the Sun Belt. These regions tend to have abundant sunshine, making solar energy a viable resource. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

1. Correct Mobile telephone companies and supermarket chains owned and controlled by residents can be promoters of Payment Banks. This allows entities with a wide reach to expand financial services to unbanked populations.

2. Incorrect Payment Banks cannot issue credit cards. They can only issue debit cards linked to a pre-existing bank account.

3. Correct Payment Banks are not allowed to undertake lending activities. Their focus is on facilitating basic banking services like deposits, payments, and money transfers.

Explanation

Statement 1 (correct) Agenda 21 is indeed a comprehensive plan of action adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It outlines strategies for achieving sustainable development on a global scale, addressing environmental protection, social development, and economic prosperity.

Statement 2 (incorrect) The World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2002, reviewed and reaffirmed Agenda 21. It did not originate from this summit.

Explanation

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) attempts to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.

REDD goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD has the potential to simultaneously contribute to climate change mitigation and poverty alleviation, whilst also conserving biodiversity and sustaining vital ecosystem services.

Protection of biodiversity Forests are incredibly diverse ecosystems, and protecting them through REDD initiatives helps safeguard countless species of plants and animals. Resilience of forest ecosystems By reducing deforestation and degradation, REDD helps maintain healthy forests that can better withstand natural disturbances like droughts, floods, and pests. Poverty reduction Many forest communities rely on forests for their livelihoods. REDD programs can provide financial incentives for sustainable forest management, creating income opportunities and alleviating poverty.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Explanation

India is an important member of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment. So, it can help India build Nuclear Fusion reactors for large-scale power generation.