UPSC Prelims 2015 Analysis

Explanation

The correct answer is (C) dollars and other hard currencies

International Liquidity This refers to a country's ability to meet its short-term external obligations (payments for imports, debt servicing, etc.) It essentially reflects the ease with which a country can access foreign currencies needed for international transactions.

Focus on Hard Currencies While some transactions might involve other currencies, international reserves are predominantly held in major reserve currencies like the US Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, and British Pound. These currencies are considered "hard" because they are stable, widely traded, and liquid (easily convertible into other currencies).

Explanation

A book titled Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India (1903) by Subramania Iyer argued that India's economic stagnation wasn't due to its pre-colonial past, but rather a direct consequence of British policies.

The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1903) is a book written by R.C. Dutt that analyzed the economic transformation of India under British rule.

Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1876), this influential book written by Dadabhai Naroji argued that British policies were a significant cause of widespread poverty in India. Naoroji presented his theory of the "drain of wealth," which explained how the transfer of resources from India to Britain hampered economic growth.

Thus efforts of all three led to an economic critique of British colonialism in India.

Explanation

About Eight Core Sectors These comprise 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

The eight core sector industries in decreasing order of their weightage Refinery Products> Electricity> Steel> Coal> Crude Oil> Natural Gas> Cement> Fertilizers.

Explanation

Statement 1 - Incorrect The executive power of the Union is vested in the President, who acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

The Constitution of India vests the executive power in the President (Article 53). However, the President exercises this power on the advice of the Council of Ministers, with the Prime Minister as its head (Article 75).

So, the real executive authority lies with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, but formally it's vested in the President.

Statement 2 - Incorrect The Chairperson of the Civil Services Board is the Cabinet Secretary, a senior bureaucrat who leads the bureaucracy of the Government of India.

Explanation

The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2014 was presented to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

• It was awarded in recognition of its path-breaking achievements, especially the Mars Orbiter Mission; its significant contributions in strengthening international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space etc.

• The award consists of a trophy made of banded Haematite Jasper, with a portrait of the late Prime Minister in the tradition of Jaipur miniature paintings, a cash award of Rs. 1 Crore and a Citation.

Explanation

Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia were in the news for the outbreak of the Ebola virus.

The most widespread outbreak of the Ebola virus disease began in 2013 and continued until 2016, causing major loss of life and socio-economic disruption in the West African region, mainly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013. Later, the disease spread to neighboring Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Explanation

The Cabinet Mission of 1946 came to India and aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian leadership, to preserve India's unity and grant it independence.

The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed a three-tier structure with a central federal government. Thus, statement one is correct.

The Cabinet Mission's focus was on the constitutional structure, not the judiciary. Hence, statement two is incorrect.

The Civil Service wasn't part of the Cabinet Mission's plan. So, statement three is also incorrect.

Explanation

When pure hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell, the only byproducts are water and heat. This is an advantage of hydrogen fuel cells, making them a clean energy source with minimal emissions.

Fuel cells can be used for various applications, including powering small devices like laptops. Portable fuel cells are being developed for this purpose. While currently less common, they hold promise for the future.

Fuel cells actually produce electricity in the form of Direct Current (DC). In some applications, an inverter might be needed to convert the DC output to AC for compatibility with the electrical grid.

Therefore, the only correct answer is 1 only.

Explanation

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex body constituted in the Ministry of Environment and Forests under Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989, under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

• The GEAC is responsible for the appraisal of proposals involving the release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment including experimental field trials.

Explanation

To reduce a persistent budget deficit, the government can take actions that decrease spending or increase revenue.

1. Reducing revenue expenditure (Correct) This involves cutting back on non-essential government spending. This can include areas like administrative costs, travel, or certain subsidies.
2. Introducing new welfare schemes (Incorrect) This would likely increase government spending and worsen the deficit.
3. Rationalizing subsidies (Correct) Subsidies can be a significant source of government expenditure. Reviewing and potentially reducing or reforming subsidies can help control spending.
4. Expanding industries (Depends) While industrial expansion can lead to increased tax revenue in the long run, it might not have an immediate impact on the budget deficit. In the short term, the government might need to invest in infrastructure to support expansion, potentially increasing expenditure.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3 only (Reducing revenue expenditure and Rationalizing subsidies).

Explanation

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, due to their unique island ecosystem, provide the ideal conditions for all three forest types to coexist

Mangrove forests Thrive in the coastal areas with brackish water.

Evergreen forests Found in the wetter interior regions with high rainfall.

Deciduous forests Exist in areas with a seasonal climate, experiencing periods of both rain and dryness.

Explanation

In a parliamentary system, the executive branch (council of ministers) derives its legitimacy from the legislature (parliament). The Lok Sabha, the lower house directly elected by the people, holds the power to keep the government in check. If the Lok Sabha loses confidence in the council of ministers, it can lead to the resignation of the government.

According to Article 75(3), The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People. Hence, the correct option choice is 'D'.

Explanation

The idea of a "Welfare State" in the Indian Constitution is enshrined in its Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).

The DPSP, outlined in Part IV of the Constitution, are a set of guidelines for the government to achieve social and economic justice. These principles, though not enforceable by courts, provide a framework for the government to strive towards goals like

• Securing and protecting a social order for the welfare of the people (Article 38)
• Providing adequate means of livelihood for all citizens (Article 39)
• Promoting equal justice and opportunity (Article 39)
• Developing the village panchayats (Article 40) -Providing free and compulsory education for all children (Article 45)
• Improving public health (Article 47)

By outlining these principles, the Constitution emphasizes the government's responsibility for promoting the social and economic well-being of its citizens, reflecting the ideals of a welfare state.

Explanation

The Rio20 Conference, also formally known as the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), was a significant event held in 2012.

Key objectives of the Rio20 Conference was to assess progress made since the 1992 Earth Summit (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro.

The Future We Want document outlining a vision for sustainable development in the future, including commitments to a green economy and poverty reduction was an outcome of the summit.

Explanation

PMJDY is a National Mission on Financial Inclusion encompassing an integrated approach to bring about comprehensive financial inclusion of all the households in the country. The plan envisages

• Universal access to banking facilities with at least one basic banking account for every household.
• Financial literacy
• Access to credit
• Insurance and pension facility

Explanation

Department of Economic Affairs prepares the Budget. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Public Accounts include provident fund deposits, judicial deposits, savings bank deposits, departmental deposits, remittances and so on. This account is operated by executive action, that is, the payments from this account can be made without parliamentary appropriation. Such payments are mostly like banking transactions. Hence, statement 3 is also incorrect.

As per Article 114 of the Constitution, the government can withdraw money from the Consolidated Fund only after receiving approval from Parliament.

So only the second statement is correct.

Explanation

The terms 'Agreement on Agriculture', 'Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures', and 'Peace Clause' all appear in the context of the affairs of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Agreement on Agriculture This agreement regulates trade in agricultural products among WTO member countries. It aims to promote fair trade practices and reduce distortions caused by subsidies and other measures.

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) This agreement sets out rules for countries to ensure the safety and quality of food, animals, and plants traded internationally. It helps to prevent the spread of pests and diseases while minimizing unnecessary barriers to trade.

Peace Clause This provision within the Agreement on Agriculture provides some flexibility for developing countries regarding their agricultural subsidy programs. It allows them to offer certain subsidies to their farmers without facing challenges from other WTO members.

Explanation

The Principles spell out the socio-economic democracy in the India The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in Part IV of the Indian Constitution outline the ideals that the government should strive to achieve for its citizens. These principles encompass social justice, economic justice, and political justice, forming the foundation for a socio-economic democracy.

The provisions contained in these Principles are not enforceable by any court The DPSP are not justiciable, meaning they cannot be directly enforced by courts if violated. However, they serve as guidelines for the government in making laws and policies and can be used by the judiciary while interpreting other laws.

Explanation

Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

The organization says it has more than seven million members and supporters around the world . The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments.

Explanation

Assessment of crop productivity IRS satellites capture data that helps assess crop health, growth stage, and potential yield. Locating groundwater resources Remote sensing allows for studying geological features and identifying potential zones with underground water reserves. Mineral exploration IRS data can reveal signatures of specific minerals on the Earth's surface, aiding in mineral exploration activities.

Telecommunications IRS satellites are not designed for telecommunication purposes. Geostationary satellites are typically used for this function. Traffic studies While remote sensing can be used for some traffic studies (e.g., analyzing transportation infrastructure), it's not the primary application of IRS satellites.

Therefore, only 1,2 and 3 are primary applications of IRS satellites.

Explanation

The unique "Living Root Bridges" are found in Meghalaya, a state in northeastern India.

These bridges are a testament to the ingenuity and sustainable practices of the Khasi and Jaintia tribes who inhabit the region. They train the aerial roots of specific tree species, like the Ficus elastica (Indian rubber tree), to grow and intertwine over time, forming strong and resilient bridges across rivers and streams.

Explanation

A decrease in the tax-to-GDP ratio of a country can potentially indicate 1 only (Slowing economic growth rates).

Tax to GDP Ratio This ratio represents the total tax revenue collected by a government as a percentage of the country's GDP. It's a measure of the government's ability to raise funds through taxes.

Impact of Decrease A decrease in this ratio can have several interpretations, but it doesn't necessarily point towards a less equitable income distribution (option 2).

Slowing Growth It might indicate a slowdown in economic growth. During economic downturns, businesses and individuals tend to earn less, leading to lower tax collections.

Change in Tax Policy It could also reflect a deliberate change in tax policy, such as tax cuts or exemptions, aimed at stimulating economic activity.

Inefficiency In some cases, it might suggest inefficiencies in tax collection.

Explanation

Avanti Although Buddhism spread to Avanti during the Mauryan period, it wasn't directly connected to the life of the Buddha. Gandhara While Gandhara became a significant centre for Buddhist culture and art later in history, it wasn't directly associated with the Buddha's life. Thus, Avanti and Gandhar have no direct relation with Buddha's life.

Kosala This was the kingdom where the Buddha was born, with his birthplace being Lumbini (present-day Nepal). His mother's family belonged to the Kosala dynasty.

Magadha Though the Buddha didn't spend a significant amount of time here during his early life, he travelled and taught in Magadha. Notably, the city of Rajgir (present-day Bihar) was an important centre where he interacted with King Bimbisara.

Explanation

When a bill is referred to a joint sitting of both houses of the Indian Parliament due to a deadlock, it requires a simpler majority for passage compared to a regular bill passed by each house individually. This provision helps break the impasse and allows for the bill's passage.

Explanation

The BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL) is managed by the World Bank.

The World Bank's Carbon Finance Unit handles the day-to-day operations of the BioCarbon Fund, which includes ISFL. ISFL itself acknowledges the World Bank as the permanent trustee and a key supporter

Explanation

Odia was granted classical language status by the Government of India in 2014, recognizing its rich literary heritage and historical significance.

There are currently six languages with classical language status in India

Tamil (declared in 2004) Sanskrit (2005) Kannada (2008) Telugu (2008) Malayalam (2013) Odia (2014)

Explanation

India has sufficient reserves of iron ore, a key raw material for steel production. However, it lacks coking coal, a specific type of coal essential for the steel-making process.

Saltpetre (option A) and rock phosphate (option B) are not directly used in steel production.

Explanation

The Government of India Act of 1919 aimed to expand Indian participation in governing the country.

The Act introduced a dual scheme of governance, separating the central and provincial subjects, with a division of powers between the British Government and Indian authorities.

It established a dual system of government at the provincial level, known as diarchy. Certain subjects called Transferable subjects like education and health were placed under Indian ministers answerable to elected councils, while others called Reserved subjects remained under British control.

Explanation

The British biologist Norman Myers coined the term biodiversity hotspot in 1988 as a biogeographic region characterized both by exceptional levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of habitat loss. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

BirdLife's Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) Programme aims to identify, monitor and protect a global network of IBAs for the conservation of the world's birds and other wildlife.

One of their key activities involves identifying and designating Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) critical sites for bird conservation that also contribute significantly to overall biodiversity.

Explanation

The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes.

Fifth Schedule Applies to all states except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It focuses on

Management and administration of Scheduled Areas These are areas with a high concentration of tribal populations. The schedule grants them some autonomy and safeguards their traditional rights over land and resources. Establishment of Tribes Advisory Councils These councils advise the Governor on matters related to the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes.

Sixth Schedule Applies to the four aforementioned northeastern states with significant tribal populations. It provides greater autonomy compared to the Fifth Schedule by

Creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) These councils have a greater degree of administrative and legislative power within their designated areas. Special provisions for administration of tribal areas This includes protection of customary law, inheritance practices, and social customs of the tribes.

Explanation

Statement 1 - Correct The Fourteenth Finance Commission indeed increased the devolution of tax revenue from the central government to the states.

Statement 2 - Incorrect While promoting formula-based devolution, the commission does not provided recommendations regarding sector-specific grants to ensure focus on critical areas.

Explanation

Keibul Lamjao National Park is a national park in the Bishnupur district of the state of Manipur in India. It is 40 km2 in the area, the only floating park in the world, located in North East India, and an integral part of Loktak Lake.

The national park is characterized by many floating decomposed plant materials locally called phumdis. To preserve the natural refuge of the endangered Manipur Eld's deer or brow-antlered deer (Cervus eldi eldi), or sangai also called the dancing deer, listed as an endangered species by IUCN.

The park which was initially declared to be a sanctuary in 1966, was subsequently declared to be a national park in 1977 through a gazette notification.

Explanation

The Panchayati Raj system is designed to empower rural communities by enabling

People's participation in development (1) This involves involving villagers in decision-making processes related to local development projects and resource allocation. Democratic decentralization (3) Power is transferred from the central government to local bodies, allowing communities to address their specific needs and priorities.

While financial mobilization (4) can be a consequence, it's not the fundamental objective. Political accountability (2) is a desirable outcome, but not the sole purpose. The Panchayati Raj system aims to create a more participatory and democratic structure for rural development.

Therefore, only statements 1 and 3 are true.

Explanation

Fly ash finds various applications in construction, including brick manufacturing. Its pozzolanic properties improve the strength and durability of bricks. Fly ash can partially replace Portland cement in concrete mixes. It reacts with the hydration byproducts of cement to form additional cementitious materials, leading to benefits like improved workability, reduced heat of hydration, and enhanced concrete performance.

Fly ash primarily consists of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and calcium oxide (CaO). However, it may also contain trace amounts of heavy metals like arsenic, mercury, and chromium. Thus, statement 3 is incorrect.

Explanation

The provision "To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India" is found in Article 51A(c) of the Indian Constitution.

It is part of the Fundamental Duties added to the Constitution in 1976. These duties are the moral obligations of every citizen to promote the well-being of the nation.

Explanation

The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 North and 60 North latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and trend towards the poles and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner. Tropical cyclones which cross the subtropical ridge axis into the westerlies recurve due to the increased westerly flow.

Westerly disturbances originate in the Mediterranean Sea, this sea is surrounded by high mountains and a plateau, as a result, high pressure developed there in September- October, while low pressure still developed over the Mediterranean water body. This disturbance is dragged to India or brought to India by Jet stream (westerly winds (flowing west to east)). This is why J&K and the NW part of India receive the highest rainfall from westerly disturbances.

Explanation

IceCube is a particle detector at the South Pole that records the interactions of a nearly massless subatomic particle called the neutrino .

IceCube searches for neutrinos from the most violent astrophysical sources events like exploding stars , gamma-ray bursts, and cataclysmic phenomena involving black holes and neutron stars.

The IceCube telescope is a powerful tool to search for dark matter and could reveal the physical processes associated with the enigmatic origin of the highest energy particles in nature.

In addition, exploring the background of neutrinos produced in the atmosphere, IceCube studies the neutrinos themselves; their energies far exceed those produced by accelerator beams.

IceCube is the world's largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice. It is buried beneath the surface, extending to about 2,500 meters. Burying it deep in ice is important to enhance the precision of the detector.

Thus, all three statements are correct.

Explanation

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (10 December 1878 - 25 December 1972), informally called Rajaji or C.R., was an Indian politician, independence activist, lawyer, writer, historian, and statesman.

Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India, as India soon became a Republic in 1950.

The Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha (at Tanjore coast in the Madras Presidency) was a march started by Indian statesman C. Rajagopalachari, inspired by the Dandi March as Part of the Civil Disobedience Movement in April, 1930.

Explanation

An ecosystem encompasses both living organisms (biotic factors) like plants and animals, and non-living components (abiotic factors) like sunlight, water, and rocks.

It highlights the interconnectedness between these elements. Living organisms depend on the environment for survival, while the environment is shaped by the activities of these organisms.

Thus ecosystem is a community of organisms together with the environment in which they live.

Explanation

The Government of India established NITI Aayog to replace the Planning Commission.

The Planning Commission was established in 1950 and played a vital role in India's economic development through five-year plans. However, NITI Aayog, formed in 2015, was designed to be a more agile and forward-looking institution compared to the Planning Commission.

Explanation

Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli This sculpture is believed to have been created by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE (around 272-231 BCE).

Varaha Image at Udayagiri The Varaha image at Udayagiri Caves is estimated to be from the Gupta period, dating back to around the 5th century CE (c. 410 CE).

Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar While the exact date of construction is debated, most scholars believe the Lingaraja Temple originated sometime in the 11th century CE.

Rock-cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram The monuments at Mahabalipuram were built over a period by the Pallava dynasty. The earliest structures likely date back to the 7th century CE, with some additions continuing into the 9th century CE.

Therefore, based on their estimated creation dates, the Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli is the earliest among the listed options.

Explanation

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is a Non-Banking Financial Institution under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy for providing term loans for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.

IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company established under the Companies Act, 1956. IREDA is also registered as a Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Explanation

A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which correspond to a specific geographical location or origin GIs have been defined under Article 22(1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.

Banaras Brocades and Sarees are textiles produced in Varanasi (formerly known as Banaras), Uttar Pradesh. They have been granted Geographical Indication (GI) status, which recognizes their unique qualities and characteristics associated with the geographic region of Varanasi.

Tirupati Laddu is a sweet dish offered as prasad (religious offering) at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. It has been granted Geographical Indication (GI) status, recognizing its association with the temple and the unique recipe and preparation methods used.

Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3 only.

Explanation

Champaka (Incorrect - Central India) Champaka, also known as Chamba, was located in the present-day Himachal Pradesh region.

Durgara (Correct - Jammu) Durgara corresponds to the present-day Jammu region.

Kuluta (Incorrect - Malabar) Kuluta, also known as Kulu, was situated in the present-day Himachal Pradesh region, bordering Kullu Valley. Malabar refers to the southwestern coastal region of India.

Therefore, only pair 2 is correctly matched.

Explanation

The National Aquatic animal of India is the Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica). The Ministry of Environment and Forests notified the Ganges River Dolphin as the National Aquatic Animal on 18th May 2010.

The dolphin is blind and faces a severe threat from the heavy pollution and habitat destruction in the waters where it lives. It has been declared Endangered in the IUCN red list and it is assumed that less than 2000 individuals remain. This dolphin, called susu or susuk in India, is thought to represent the purity of The Ganga.

Explanation

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) India is not a member of APEC.

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) India is not a member of ASEAN, but it is a part of ASEAN6.

East Asia Summit India is a member of the East Asia Summit.

Therefore, out of the given options, India is only a member of the East Asia Summit.

Explanation

The Basel III Accord is a set of international banking regulations developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). It was formulated in response to the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and aims to improve the banking sector's resilience to financial and economic stress and improve its risk management by

Increasing capital adequacy requirements Banks need to hold more capital relative to their risk-weighted assets to absorb potential losses during financial stress. Enhancing liquidity standards Banks need to maintain a sufficient level of liquid assets to meet their short-term obligations. Strengthening risk management practices Banks are required to implement more robust risk management frameworks to identify, measure, and manage various risks they face.

Explanation

National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF) is indeed an autonomous body established under the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of the Government of India. Thus, statement 1 is correct.

NIF's focus is not on highly advanced scientific research but rather on recognizing and supporting grassroots technological innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge developed by individuals and communities. These innovations often come from outside the formal scientific establishment. So, NIF works on a different level than collaborating with advanced foreign institutions, although its work can complement scientific research efforts. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

Capital-augmenting technological progress This refers to technological advancements that increase the productivity of existing capital goods. In this case, replacing wooden ploughs (a less efficient capital good) with steel ploughs (a more efficient capital good) increases the productivity of the plough itself. Steel ploughs can till more land, last longer, and require less maintenance compared to wooden ploughs.

Explanation

Both the bank rate and open market operations are components of monetary policy in the Indian economy.

Bank rate The bank rate is the rate at which the central bank (Reserve Bank of India in the case of India) lends money to commercial banks. It is one of the key tools used by the central bank to control the money supply and credit conditions in the economy.

Open market operations Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities (bonds) by the central bank in the open market. Through open market operations, the central bank can inject or withdraw liquidity from the banking system, thereby influencing the level of reserves held by banks and the overall money supply in the economy.

Public debt and public revenue are not typically considered components of monetary policy. Public debt refers to the total amount of money owed by the government through borrowing, while public revenue refers to the income generated by the government through taxes and other sources. These factors are more closely related to fiscal policy, which involves government spending and taxation decisions to achieve specific economic objectives.

Explanation

Agricultural Markets in most parts of the Country are established and regulated under the APMC Acts enacted by the states.

The whole geographical area in the State is divided and declared as a market area wherein the markets are managed by the Market Committees constituted by the State Governments. Once a particular area is declared a market area and falls under the jurisdiction of a Market Committee, no person or agency is allowed freely to carry on wholesale marketing activities.

Explanation

The Dugong is a herbivorous marine animal. Dugongs are marine mammals that feed on seagrass meadows. It is given legal protection under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

While once more widespread, dugong populations are now concentrated in specific areas. They are primarily found in -The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay off the coast of Tamil Nadu -The Andaman and Nicobar Islands -The Gulf of Kutch Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Middle East.

The Golan Heights is a hilly, 1,200 sq-km rocky plateau in south-western Syria in the Middle East region overlooking Lebanon, Syria, and the Jordan Valley.

The Golan was Syrian territory until 1967 when Israel occupied it in the closing stages of the Six-Day War.

Explanation

The first woman president of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant (1917). Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian Women president of the Indian National Congress in 1925. Thus, statement one is wrong.

The first Muslim to become president of the Indian National Congress was Badrudin Tayabji (Madras, 1887).

Explanation

Rupee convertibility means the system where any amount of rupee can be converted into any other currency without any question asked about the purpose for which the foreign exchange is to be used.

Non-convertibility can generally be defined with reference to the transaction for which foreign exchange cannot be legally purchased (e.g., import of consumer goods etc), or transactions which are controlled and approved on a case-by-case basis (like regulated imports etc).

Explanation

The Goldilocks Zone, also called the habitable zone, refers to the region around a star where conditions might be just right for liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet.

Scientists believe liquid water is essential for life as we know it. So, when astronomers discover planets outside our solar system (exoplanets), they're particularly interested in those within the Goldilocks Zone of their host star.

Explanation

Near Field Communication (NFC) is indeed a contactless communication technology that relies on electromagnetic radio fields to transmit data between devices in close proximity. Thus, statement 1 is correct.

NFC operates over a very short range, typically requiring devices to be within a few centimetres of each other for successful communication. A meter is far too large a distance for NFC to function effectively. Thus, statement 2 is incorrect.

NFC can employ encryption to safeguard sensitive information during transmission. This is an important security feature for applications like contactless payments. Thus, statement 3 is correct.

Explanation

The bio-toilets actually utilize bacteria, not fungi, to decompose human waste. These bacteria are anaerobic, meaning they function in an oxygen-free environment within the bio-digester tank.

The end products of decomposition in the bio-toilets are not just ammonia and water vapor. The process generates a combination of Treated water This water undergoes chlorination before being released. Methane This gas is released in small amounts and vents into the atmosphere. Sludge A minimal amount of solid residue remains after decomposition.

Therefore, the correct answer is None of the above.

Explanation

The Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) was indeed launched during 1996-97, but its objective was to provide central assistance to states to accelerate the pace of irrigation development, not specifically to provide loan assistance to poor farmers. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

The Command Area Development Programme (CADP) was launched in 1974-75, its primary focus was on improving the water-use efficiency and agricultural productivity in the command areas of major and medium irrigation projects. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

In India, teak is a dominant tree species in Tropical Deciduous Forests.

These forests are also known as "Monsoon Forests" and are characterized by

• Rainfall They receive moderate rainfall, typically ranging from 70 to 200 cm annually.
• Seasonality They experience a distinct dry season, leading to trees shedding their leaves during this period.
• Vegetation Tropical Deciduous forests are home to a variety of trees, including teak, sal, shisham, and sandalwood.

Explanation

A seed village, wherein trained group of farmers are involved in the production of seeds of various crops and cater to the needs of themselves, fellow farmers of the village and farmers of neighbouring villages in the appropriate time and at an affordable cost is called a seed village.

Explanation

The ruler who founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary of the Krishna River and claimed to rule as an agent of a deity is Harihara I.

Founder of Vijayanagara Empire Harihara I is credited with founding the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century. Location The empire's capital, Hampi, is situated on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. Divine Right to Rule The Vijayanagara rulers claimed a divine right to rule, associating themselves with the Hindu deity Vishnu. They saw themselves as agents of the deity, responsible for protecting the land south of the Krishna River.

Explanation

Centralized Authority (Incorrect) A strong central authority is not a defining characteristic of the feudal system. In fact, a weak central government with power dispersed among regional lords is more typical.

Land Control (Correct) Land ownership and control were fundamental aspects of the feudal system in India. Powerful landowners (Zamindars, Jagirdars etc.) gained control over vast territories and the peasantry who worked on them.

Lord-Vassal Relationship (Correct) A hierarchical structure with lords granting land to vassals in exchange for military service, taxes, and loyalty was a core principle of the feudal system.

While the Indian feudal system had some unique characteristics, these two elements - land control and the lord-vassal relationship - formed the backbone of the system.

Explanation

The "Global Economic Prospects" report is issued periodically by the World Bank. It report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging markets and developing economies. It is issued twice a year, in January and June.

Explanation

IOR-ARC is a regional cooperation initiative of the Indian Ocean Rim countries. It was established in Mauritius in March 1997 with the aim of promoting economic and technical cooperation. So, Statement 1 is incorrect.

IOR-ARC is the only pan-Indian ocean grouping. It brings together countries from three continents having different sizes, economic strengths, and a wide diversity of languages, cultures. It aims to create a platform for trade, socio-economic and cultural cooperation in the Indian Ocean rim area. The Indian Ocean Rim is rich in strategic and precious minerals, metals and other natural resources, marine resources and energy, all of which can be sourced from Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), continental shelves and the deep seabed. So, Statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

The movement that contributed to the split in the Indian National Congress, resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists', was the Swadeshi Movement.

The Swadeshi Movement saw two distinct groups emerge within the Indian National Congress

1. Moderates This group, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjee, believed in constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve independence. They supported the boycott of British goods but opposed the use of violence or extreme measures.

2. Extremists (also known as Radicals or Nationalists) This group, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal (the Lal-Bal-Pal trio), advocated for more aggressive and revolutionary methods to drive out the British. They supported the use of boycotts, civil disobedience, and even violence if necessary.

The ideological differences between the moderates and extremists intensified during the Swadeshi Movement, eventually leading to the Surat Split in 1907, where the two factions clashed openly at the Congress session, resulting in a temporary split in the party.

Explanation

Gravitational Force of the Sun The Sun's gravity, though weaker than the Moon's, still exerts a pull on the Earth's oceans. This pull, along with the Moon's pull, contributes to the tidal bulge.

Gravitational Force of the Moon The Moon's gravity is the primary force influencing tides. The Moon's pull creates a bulge on the side of the Earth directly facing it and another bulge on the opposite side due to centrifugal force (explained below).

The centrifugal force of the Earth As the Earth rotates, different parts experience varying degrees of centrifugal force (outward force). The parts of the Earth facing away from the Moon experience a stronger centrifugal force than those directly facing the Moon. This creates a bulge on the side away from the Moon, which combines with the Moon's gravitational pull to create high tides.

The combined effect of these three forces creates the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean waters that we observe as tides.

Explanation

Gunpowder was already known and used in India before Babur's arrival, likely introduced by the Mongols in the 13th or 14th century.

The use of arches and domes in Indian architecture predates Babur. It was a prominent feature in earlier architectural styles like Indo-Islamic and Deccan Sultanate architecture. Therefore, statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.

Babur did introduce new military tactics and technologies, but gunpowder wasn't a novelty. However, his victory at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire, an extension of the Timurid dynasty he hailed from. So, the establishment of the Timurid dynasty is the most accurate consequence of Babur's arrival.

Explanation

The Labour Bureau, attached to the Ministry of Labour and Employment, is responsible for compiling and publishing the Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) in India. This index tracks changes in the retail prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by industrial workers. It serves as a crucial indicator of inflation faced by this specific segment of the population.

The Labour Bureau is responsible for maintaining

• CPI (Industrial Workers)
• CPI (Rural Labourers)
• CPI (Agricultural Labourers)

Explanation

The Fair and Remunerative Price of Sugarcane (FRP) for sugarcane in India is approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister.

The proposal for FRP is determined based on the recommendation of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) in its report on the price policy for sugarcane for a particular sugar season.

Explanation

Namdapha National Park is located in Arunachal Pradesh, India, in the eastern Himalayas.

Due to its significant elevation range, the park experiences a diverse range of climates.

The southern regions have a tropical to subtropical climate, while the higher elevations transition to temperate and even Arctic conditions.

Explanation

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion .

Bretton woods conference is related to establishment of World Bank and IMF in 1945. Kyoyo protocol is related to Climate Change conference. Nagoya protocol is related to Convention on BIological Diversity.

Explanation

Targeted drug delivery is a promising application of nanotechnology in medicine. Nanoparticles can be designed to carry drugs specifically to diseased cells, reducing side effects and improving treatment efficacy.

Nanotechnology is being explored for gene therapy by creating nanocarriers that can deliver genetic material (e.g., DNA or RNA) into specific cells. This holds the potential for treating various genetic disorders.

Therefore, both statements are correct.

Explanation

The Green Climate Fund was established specifically to support developing countries in their efforts to address climate change. It provides funding for projects aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change (adaptation).

The GCF is worked under the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Thus statement 2 is incorrect.

Explanation

IndARC stands for India's first underwater observatory deployed in the Arctic region. Here's a breakdown of its key aspects

It's location in Kongsfjorden fjord, Svalbard, Norway (situated midway between Norway and the North Pole) and deployment in the year 2014 for studies the Arctic climate and its influence on the Indian monsoon system.

Explanation

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress.

It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha)) as well as those who insisted upon ahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva).

The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which cooperatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power.

• It was in favour of socialist ideas within the Congress.
• It believed in democratic socialism.
• It did not favour separate electorates.

Explanation

Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests are found in regions that have high temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year.

Arunachal Pradesh This state is located in the eastern part of India and it receives high rainfall. It is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.

Himachal Pradesh This state is located in the northern part of India, in the Himalayan region. The climate here is more temperate and alpine due to its high altitude, and it does not support Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.

Mizoram This state is located in the northeastern part of India and it also receives high rainfall. It is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.

Therefore, Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

Explanation

Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a region where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge. This convergence results in the uplift of moist air and leads to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds, thunderstorms, and cyclones.

In the South Atlantic and southeastern Pacific regions, the ITCZ seldom occurs. This is because these regions are located in the subtropical high-pressure belt, where the air is descending and dry. As a result, there is very little uplift of moist air, which is necessary for the formation of cyclones.

Sea surface temperatures in these regions are warm enough to support the formation of cyclones. The Coriolis force is also strong enough to initiate the rotation of the cyclones. However, without the uplift of moist air in the ITCZ, the formation of cyclones is unlikely.

Explanation

The rate of growth of real Gross Domestic Product has fluctuated over the decade. However, The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade

• The growth rate of real GDP has seen ups and downs.
• Conversely, the GDP at market prices has shown a consistent upward trend in the last decade.

Thus, statement 1 is incorrect while statement 2 is correct.

Explanation

The region described in the passage is most likely experiencing an equatorial climate.

Clear and bright mornings with sea breeze This suggests a warm and humid environment near the ocean.

Heat building up during the day Equatorial regions receive strong, direct sunlight throughout the year, leading to high daytime temperatures.

Afternoon thunderstorms The rising heat in the afternoon creates convection currents, leading to the formation of towering cumulonimbus clouds that bring brief, intense rain showers with thunder and lightning.

Short-lived rain Equatorial regions experience frequent, short bursts of rain, followed by clear skies again.

Explanation

IUCN is an independent membership organization, not a UN body. Governments, NGOs, and scientific institutions can all be members. Thus, statement 1 is incorrect.

IUCN does runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments. Thus statement 2 is correct.

CITES is a legally binding international agreement for countries that have ratified it. However, each member nation implements the regulations through its own domestic laws. Thus statement 3 is also correct.

Explanation

The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (activities commonly referred to as REDD).

To assist countries in their REDD efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance in building their capacity to benefit from possible future systems of positive incentives for REDD.

The FCPF focuses on assisting developing countries with REDD initiatives, not funding individual scientific research. Thus, statement two is incorrect.

Explanation

Treaty (NPT) recognizes five states as nuclear-weapon states

• the United States,
• Russia,
• the United Kingdom,
• France,
• China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council).

Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons India, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its nuclear weapons program.

Explanation

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action is a visionary agenda for the empowerment of women.

It's a landmark document adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995.

Explanation

A custodian is a person entrusted with the custody or care of something.

• Whenever Fundamental Rights are denied or restricted, it can be challenged in the Supreme Court under Article 32;
• The dispute between Centre and State can be settled in the Supreme Court under Article 131;
• the Law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all the courts in India under Article 141;
• For the enforcement of decrees - Article 142;
• President of India consulting Supreme Court under Article 143;
• After all, under Article 13, all laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of any of the fundamental rights shall be void ( Doctrine of Judicial Review).
• Supreme Court judgments are the law of the land;

Based on the above facts, the Supreme Court takes care of the Constitution. So, simply the Supreme Court is the Custodian of the Constitution.

Explanation

Indravati and Pranhita These are major left-bank tributaries of the Godavari River.

Vamsadhara This river flows independently into the Bay of Bengal and is not a tributary of Godavari.

Pennar This river flows entirely within Andhra Pradesh and drains into the Bay of Bengal south of Chennai. It's not a tributary of Godavari.

Explanation

All 6 participants of the Mekong-Ganga Cooperation are member countries bordering the basins of the Mekong and Ganga rivers, aiming to collaborate on various initiatives. These countries are

• India
• Cambodia
• Laos
• Myanmar
• Thailand
• Vietnam

Hence, Chain 9 Bangladesh are not part of the Mekong-Ganga Corporation.

Explanation

Influenza (H1N1) virus is a subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009 and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc., depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy.

• Haemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell.
• Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.

In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the new strain of swine-origin H1N1 as a pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media.

Explanation

The eastward flow of the equatorial counter-current is explained by the convergence of the two equatorial currents

The North Equatorial Current flows westward north of the equator. The South Equatorial Current flows westward south of the equator.

The convergence of these two westward-flowing currents in the equatorial region causes an upwelling of the subsurface water, resulting in the formation of the eastward-flowing equatorial counter-current.

Explanation

Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers actually reduces the need for nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the soil. Plants can readily utilize the added nitrogen, so these microbes wouldn't need to fix atmospheric nitrogen for the plants' benefit. Thus, statment 1 is incorrect.

Nitrogenous fertilizers can release acidic compounds as they break down in the soil, leading to increased soil acidity.

When applied in excess, nitrogen fertilizers (especially nitrates) can be easily washed away by rain or irrigation water. This can contaminate groundwater sources.

Explanation

A committee named the 'Sedition Committee' was set up in 1918 by the British Raj, led by Sir Sidney Rowlatt, a British judge. The purpose of this committee was to investigate political activities considered seditious by the British government, particularly in Bengal and Punjab.

Gandhi believed the Rowlatt Act, passed based on the committee's recommendations, was unjust. It gave the British authorities broad powers to arrest and detain people suspected of revolutionary activities without trial.

While not the primary tool used by Gandhi, Gandhi did attempt to leverage the support and networks of the Home Rule Leagues to mobilize people against the Rowlatt Act. Thus, statements one and two are correct.

Demonstration against Simon Commission was held in 1928 while Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. Thus, statement three is incorrect.

Explanation

1. Srisailam - Nallamala Hills (Correct) Srisailam, a revered Hindu pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva and Parvati, is situated in the Nallamala Hills range on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

2. Omkareshwar - Satmala Hills (Incorrect) Omkareshwar, a holy island town on the Narmada River known for its 12 Shiva Jyotirlinga temples, is located in the Mandhata plateau region, not the Satmala Hills.

3. Pushkar - Mahadeo Hills (Incorrect) Pushkar, a sacred town famous for the only Brahma temple in India, is situated on the shores of Pushkar Lake in Rajasthan, not the Mahadeo Hills.

The Mahadeo Hills are located in Madhya Pradesh, a central Indian state.

Explanation

Out of the listed countries, only Jordan does not have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea.

Syria, Lebanon, and Israel all border the Mediterranean Sea. Jordan is bordered by Israel and the West Bank to the west, effectively separating it from the Mediterranean Sea.

Explanation

1 is Incorrect The size of the Legislative Council of a state cannot be larger than one-third of the total membership of the Legislative Assembly. The Constitution sets a limit to ensure the dominance of the lower house (Legislative Assembly) in a bicameral legislature.

2 is Incorrect The Chairman of the Legislative Council is not nominated by the Governor. The members of the Legislative Council themselves elect the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. This ensures the independence of the Upper House from the executive branch (headed by the Governor).

Explanation

The Easternmost and Westernmost states of India are

• Easternmost Arunachal Pradesh
• Westernmost Gujarat

Explanation

Reducing the SLR by the RBI is likely to lead to increased liquidity in the banking system in the short term, and potentially lower lending rates by commercial banks. This can contribute to increased economic activity but wouldn't drastically alter GDP growth or directly impact FIIs.

Explanation

The first statement is correct. The Rajya Sabha has no power either to reject or to amend a Money Bill. This is a provision under Article 110 of the Indian Constitution.

The second statement is also correct. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Demands for Grants. This is the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha.

The third statement is incorrect. The Rajya Sabha can discuss the Annual Financial Statement (Budget), but it does not have the power to vote on the demands for grants. This is also the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha.

Explanation

RBI plays a key/primary role in controlling inflation through its monetary policy. So, options (a) and (b) are incorrect.

Now, increased money supply shall only increase inflation. So option (d) is incorrect.

Decreased money circulation can help control inflation, while increased circulation can contribute to it. So, the answer should be the option (c).

Explanation

The Fortaleza Declaration is related to the affairs of the BRICS group of countries.

BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The Fortaleza Declaration was signed during the Sixth BRICS Summit held in Fortaleza, Brazil, in July 2014.

Explanation

Kalamkari painting refers to a specific type of hand-painted or block-printed textile art originating from the South Indian states, mainly Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Here's a breakdown of its key characteristics

Kalamkari paintings often depict mythological stories, scenes from nature, and religious figures. Floral and geometric patterns are also common.