Subject: Indian Geography

India's growing energy needs and commitment to clean energy have made atomic energy a crucial component of its energy mix. The availability and management of nuclear fuel resources play a vital role in sustaining this energy source.

Raw Material Availability in India

• Uranium Resources:

  • India possesses 425,570 tonnes of uranium oxide (U3O8) reserves, with significant deposits in states like Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh.
  • The Jaduguda Mines discovery has extended operational capacity by over 50 years, ensuring long-term fuel security.
  • India's uranium production witnessed a 0.32% growth in 2023, with a projected CAGR of 6% (2023-2027).

• Thorium Deposits:

  • India holds the world's largest thorium reserves of 846,477 tonnes.
  • Kerala and Odisha are major contributors, accounting for 70% of national deposits.
  • These deposits are crucial for India's three-stage nuclear program.

Global Raw Material Scenario

• Uranium Market Dynamics:

  • Global uranium demand is projected to increase by 28% (2023-2030) and 51% (2031-2040).
  • Price fluctuations show market volatility - $107/lb (2024) to $64-65/lb (early 2025).
  • Term prices maintain stability at $80/lb.

• International Cooperation:

  • Trilateral workshops between US, South Korea, and Japan for fuel cycle management.
  • Orano-Curio partnership advancing nuclear fuel cycle sustainability.
  • NEA Working Party initiatives for advanced fuel cycles.

Future Prospects and Challenges

• Resource Optimization:
  • Development of advanced reactors and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
  • Focus on recycled U/TRU fuel utilization.
  • Implementation of closed fuel cycle technology.

India's strategic position in atomic energy is strengthened by its significant thorium reserves and growing uranium resources. The country's commitment to the three-stage nuclear program and international collaborations like the Indo-US Nuclear Deal positions it well for sustainable atomic energy generation, supporting its Net Zero emissions target by 2070.