UNESCO’s report “Bhasha Matters: The State of the Education Report for India 2025” strongly advocates mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTB-MLE). Examine the rationale behind MTB-MLE and discuss the key challenges and measures required for its effective implementation in India.

India is witnessing a rapid rise in self-financed student migration. Analyse the changing nature of this trend and examine the socio-economic challenges it poses. Suggest measures to convert student mobility into a source of human capital gain rather than brain waste.

The Supreme Court in State of Uttar Pradesh vs Ajmal Beg (2025) reframed dowry-related violence as a constitutional violation rather than merely a social evil. Discuss the key observations and guidelines issued by the Court. Examine why dowry deaths persist in India despite a strong legal framework.

Andhra Pradesh’s coastal belt has emerged as a strategic hub for rare earth elements (REEs) in India. Discuss the significance of these deposits for India’s clean energy, defence and high-technology sectors. Also examine the challenges associated with their exploitation and suggest a way forward.

El Niño is a key driver of global climate variability. Explain the mechanism of El Niño formation and the indicators used to detect it. Analyse its likely global and Indian impacts in the context of early signals of its possible return.

India’s launch of the indigenous DHRUV64 microprocessor marks a significant step towards semiconductor self-reliance. Explain the features of DHRUV64 and examine its strategic and economic significance in the context of Atmanirbhar Bharat and the Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) Programme.

Artificial Intelligence is increasingly being integrated into India’s judicial ecosystem through the e-Courts project. Explain the role of AI in improving judicial efficiency and access to justice. Also examine the limitations and ethical concerns associated with the use of AI in the judiciary.

India recently signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman. Examine the key features of the India–Oman CEPA and analyse its strategic and economic significance for India’s West Asia trade policy. Also discuss the challenges associated with the agreement.

Dense fog episodes are increasingly affecting northern India during winter months. Explain the formation of fog and its major types. Examine the impacts of persistent fog on weather conditions and socio-economic activities in India.

“Recent legislative reforms indicate a shift towards greater foreign participation in strategic sectors.” In this context, examine the objectives of the SHANTI Bill, 2025 and the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, and discuss their implications for India’s energy security and financial sector development.

“Supplementary Demands for Grants are an important fiscal instrument for managing unforeseen expenditure.” In this context, examine the rationale behind additional allocations for fertilizer subsidy and compensation to oil marketing companies, and assess their implications for fiscal discipline and economic stability.

“The replacement of MGNREGA with the Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025 marks a shift from a rights-based welfare framework to a budget-driven approach.” Critically examine the implications of this shift for rural employment security and fiscal federalism in India.

“The evolution of the U.S. National Security Strategy reflects a shift from partnership-based global leadership to conditional burden-sharing.” In this context, examine the implications of the 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy for India’s strategic autonomy and its role in the Indo-Pacific.

Mangroves exhibit unique cellular and physiological adaptations that enable them to survive in high-salinity environments. Discuss. How can these adaptations be leveraged to address agricultural challenges in saline-prone regions?

How do Srinivasa Ramanujan’s mathematical discoveries find relevance in modern theoretical physics? Illustrate with examples.

Discuss the significance of the government’s decision to mandate pre-installation of the Sanchar Saathi app on all new smartphones from March 2026. How does this measure strengthen mobile security and address challenges related to IMEI spoofing and digital fraud in India?

Discuss the implications of Australia’s decision to enforce a minimum social media age of 16. In what ways does this compare with India’s approach to online safety and data protection for children?

Women’s representation in the Civil Services Examination (CSE) has increased significantly in recent years. Discuss the factors contributing to this rise and analyse its implications for governance and public administration in India.

Discuss the major humanitarian and economic impacts of the ongoing civil war in Sudan. How has the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) deepened the displacement and food insecurity crisis in the country?

India is experiencing a paradox of rising food expenditure alongside declining nutritional quality. Discuss the key factors behind this trend and suggest policy measures to address the emerging nutrition crisis.