Mains Answer Writing - 8 Aug, 2026
GS3
Economy
15 marks
UPI has emerged as a critical Digital Public Infrastructure, but its zero-charge model raises concerns over the financial sustainability of the payments ecosystem. Examine whether UPI should continue to remain free.
Tips for your answer
- Distinguish between UPI being free for users and the payment ecosystem being cost-free; banks, NPCI and fintech intermediaries still incur substantial infrastructure and operational costs.
- Remember zero MDR on UPI merchant payments since 2020, NPCI, RBI, the government's incentive scheme for low-value BHIM-UPI transactions and UPI's dominance in India's retail digital payments.
- Do not take an absolute position that UPI must either always remain completely free or become chargeable. Examine the trade-off between financial inclusion and the sustainability of payment infrastructure.
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GS2
Governance
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The evolving digital ecosystem has renewed the debate on the Safe Harbour Clause under the Information Technology Act. Examine the significance of the Safe Harbour Clause for digital innovation and free speech, and evaluate the need for greater intermediary accountability.
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GS1
Indian Geography
6 Aug, 2026
The eastward expansion of the Thar Desert reflects the growing challenge of desertification in India. Examine the major drivers of desertification and suggest measures for sustainable land management.
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GS1
Physical Geography
5 Aug, 2026
The recent incidents of severe in-flight turbulence have drawn attention to upper air phenomena and their growing implications for aviation safety. Discuss the major upper air atmospheric phenomena and examine their significance for weather forecasting, disaster management and aviation.
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