“Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional grey infrastructure for enhancing coastal resilience against climate change.”
In the context of India's coastal regions, examine the role of mangroves as natural climate shields. Discuss the challenges in mainstreaming Ecosystem-based Adaptation in coastal management and suggest measures to strengthen its implementation.

The India–Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) marks a significant step in strengthening India's economic and strategic engagement in the Gulf region. Discuss the economic and geopolitical significance of the agreement for India. Also examine the challenges that may limit its potential benefits.

The increasing use of suo motu cognisance by the Supreme Court has strengthened judicial responsiveness to issues of public importance. However, frequent interventions may raise concerns regarding judicial overreach and institutional neglect of lower courts. Critically examine.

Differentiate between Wholesale Price Index (WPI), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Producer Price Index (PPI). Why is India introducing a Producer Price Index alongside the revised WPI?

The Government of India has revised the base year of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) from 2011–12 to 2022–23 and expanded its coverage to include emerging sectors such as renewable energy. Discuss the significance of revising the base year of price indices. How can an updated WPI improve economic policymaking and inflation measurement in India?

The emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in wildlife habitats poses significant challenges to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. In the context of the recent Babesia infection-related deaths of Asiatic lion cubs in Gir National Park, discuss the causes, ecological implications, and management strategies for controlling such diseases in protected areas.

“Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technology has the potential to transform road safety, intelligent transport systems, and autonomous mobility in India.”

Discuss the significance of V2X technology in improving urban transportation and road safety. Also examine the regulatory, infrastructural, and cybersecurity challenges associated with its implementation in India.

“Discovery of endemic species in biodiversity hotspots highlights the ecological significance of protected riparian ecosystems in India.”
In the light of the recent discovery of Humboldtia nairiana in the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, discuss the importance of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve for biodiversity conservation. Also examine the challenges associated with conserving endemic flora in the Western Ghats.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) expose the deep inequities in global healthcare governance and vaccine research.
In the light of the recent Bundibugyo ebolavirus outbreak, discuss the challenges in vaccine development for NTDs and examine the measures needed to strengthen global health preparedness.

“Free and fair elections depend not only on the conduct of polling but also on the integrity of electoral rolls.”
In the light of the Supreme Court’s observations on the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls, examine the constitutional powers of the Election Commission under Article 324.

“The Nagoya Protocol strengthens biodiversity governance by linking conservation with equitable benefit-sharing.” Discuss India’s implementation of the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) framework in light of its First National Report on the Nagoya Protocol. Highlight key achievements and challenges.

“Bond yields are often considered a barometer of macroeconomic expectations and monetary policy.”
In this context, explain the inverse relationship between bond prices and bond yields. Discuss how changes in interest rates and inflation expectations influence the sovereign bond market in India.

“India’s ageing population requires a transition from welfare-based support to a technology-enabled and institutionalized care ecosystem.”

Discuss the significance of the JEEVAN mobile application and the SHATAYU dashboard in strengthening elderly welfare and geriatric care in India. Also examine the challenges in ensuring inclusive elderly care delivery.

“India’s declining birth rate and infant mortality rate reflect an ongoing demographic transition, yet persistent rural-urban disparities continue to challenge inclusive human development.”
In the light of the latest Sample Registration Survey (SRS) 2024 findings, critically examine the trends in India’s demographic indicators and discuss the policy measures needed to address regional and rural-urban inequalities.

“Balanced fertilizer use and soil test-based nutrient management are essential for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity in India.”
In this context, discuss the significance of the Khet Bachao Abhiyan launched by ICAR. Also examine the challenges in promoting sustainable nutrient management among Indian farmers.

“Repeated controversies surrounding NEET have exposed structural weaknesses in India’s centralized examination system.” Critically examine the challenges associated with NEET and suggest reforms to ensure transparency, equity, and accessibility in medical admissions.

“The Supreme Court’s judgment in Syed Iftikhar Andrabi vs National Investigation Agency, Jammu reaffirms that constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and speedy trial cannot be eclipsed by stringent anti-terror laws.”
In this context, critically examine the tension between national security and individual liberty under the Supreme Court of India interpretation of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Discuss the significance of the K.A. Najeeb judgment in safeguarding constitutional rights.

Discuss the challenges posed by religious site disputes such as the Bhojshala–Kamal Maula complex to India’s secular and constitutional framework. How can the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 help in ensuring democratic coexistence and communal harmony?

“The India–Netherlands Strategic Partnership Roadmap (2026–2030) reflects India’s shift towards technology-driven and resilient bilateral alliances.”
Discuss the major areas of cooperation under the India–Netherlands Strategic Partnership. Also examine the key challenges that may hinder the effective implementation of this partnership.

The recent Ebola outbreak in Central Africa has once again highlighted the challenges of global health governance. Discuss the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEICs). Also examine the preparedness required at the global and national levels to prevent future pandemics.