The United Nations is undergoing institutional reform through initiatives such as the UN80 Initiative. Examine the need for reforms in the United Nations system in the context of contemporary global challenges.

“The evolution of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) reflects changing dynamics of nuclear deterrence and strategic stability.”
Discuss in the context of the test launch of the LGM‑30G Minuteman III and the concept of the Nuclear Triad.

India’s partnership with technologically advanced but smaller economies is becoming an important pillar of its foreign policy. In this context, examine the significance of the India–Finland Strategic Partnership in Digitalisation and Sustainability.

“The escalating conflict between the United States, Israel and Iran has expanded its impact across the West Asian region, threatening regional stability and global energy security.”
Examine the geopolitical and economic implications of this conflict for West Asia and the world.

“Artificial Intelligence is emerging as a developmental multiplier in the Global South, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, health, education and gender justice.”

Discuss this statement in the context of recent AI impact initiatives showcased at the India AI Impact Summit 2026. Also examine the challenges related to accessibility, inclusivity and ethical governance in scaling such AI solutions.

“India’s recent growth trajectory reflects a structural shift towards manufacturing and services, even as agriculture shows signs of deceleration.”
Examine this statement in the context of the latest GDP estimates for FY26.

“The shift from deterrence to decapitation strategies increases the risk of prolonged instability.” Comment in the context of the Iran conflict.

The ongoing conflict between US, Israel and Iran reflects deeper structural tensions in West Asia. Discuss the causes of the conflict and examine its implications for regional stability and India's foreign policy.

Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) is emerging as a key strategy for decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors in India. Explain the concept of CCU and examine its potential, challenges, and policy measures required for its large-scale adoption in India.

“Recent advances in HIV treatment have focused on targeting the viral capsid using long-acting drugs such as lenacapavir.”
Explain the significance of capsid-targeting therapies in controlling HIV infection. Also discuss the challenges of drug resistance and the role of combination therapy.

The balance between transparency and privacy is a recurring constitutional challenge in India.
In the light of recent amendments to the RTI framework through the Digital Personal Data Protection law, examine whether the exemption of personal information undermines accountability of public authorities.

“Changing the name of a State in India reflects the cooperative yet asymmetrical nature of Indian federalism.”
Discuss the constitutional procedure for renaming a State and examine the role played by the State Legislature and Parliament in this process.

“Asset monetisation has emerged as a critical pillar of India’s infrastructure financing strategy.”
In this context, critically examine the objectives, mechanisms and challenges of the National Monetisation Pipeline 2.0 (NMP 2.0). How can it contribute to sustainable infrastructure development while safeguarding public interest?

“Modern terrorism is increasingly technology-driven rather than territory-driven.”
Examine this statement in the context of recent counter-terrorism challenges faced by India.

Recent advances have enabled long-term data storage in glass using laser-based nanostructuring. Explain the working principle of glass-based data storage technology and examine its potential advantages and limitations compared to conventional magnetic and solid-state storage systems.

“Artificial Intelligence-enabled startups are increasingly addressing gaps in healthcare and sports services in India, especially in underserved areas.”
Examine the potential and challenges of such AI-based solutions in improving accessibility, affordability, and quality of human development services.

Stubble burning has emerged as a recurring source of air pollution in North India despite technological monitoring measures. Examine the challenges in detecting and controlling farm fires and suggest a comprehensive strategy to address the problem.

Discuss the strategic significance of the Strait of Hormuz in global geopolitics. How do Iran–USA tensions over the nuclear issue impact global energy security and regional stability?

India is considering the induction of the H125M helicopter to replace its aging Cheetah and Chetak fleets.
Discuss the strategic significance of helicopter modernisation for India’s armed forces. Examine how indigenous manufacturing of platforms like the H125M aligns with India’s indigenisation and defence self-reliance objectives.

The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 has amended provisions of the Right to Information framework regarding disclosure of personal information. Examine whether prioritising data privacy over transparency affects democratic accountability in India.