Artificial Intelligence is increasingly being integrated into India’s judicial ecosystem through the e-Courts project. Explain the role of AI in improving judicial efficiency and access to justice. Also examine the limitations and ethical concerns associated with the use of AI in the judiciary.

India recently signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman. Examine the key features of the India–Oman CEPA and analyse its strategic and economic significance for India’s West Asia trade policy. Also discuss the challenges associated with the agreement.

Dense fog episodes are increasingly affecting northern India during winter months. Explain the formation of fog and its major types. Examine the impacts of persistent fog on weather conditions and socio-economic activities in India.

“Recent legislative reforms indicate a shift towards greater foreign participation in strategic sectors.” In this context, examine the objectives of the SHANTI Bill, 2025 and the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, and discuss their implications for India’s energy security and financial sector development.

“Supplementary Demands for Grants are an important fiscal instrument for managing unforeseen expenditure.” In this context, examine the rationale behind additional allocations for fertilizer subsidy and compensation to oil marketing companies, and assess their implications for fiscal discipline and economic stability.

“The replacement of MGNREGA with the Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025 marks a shift from a rights-based welfare framework to a budget-driven approach.” Critically examine the implications of this shift for rural employment security and fiscal federalism in India.

“The evolution of the U.S. National Security Strategy reflects a shift from partnership-based global leadership to conditional burden-sharing.” In this context, examine the implications of the 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy for India’s strategic autonomy and its role in the Indo-Pacific.

Mangroves exhibit unique cellular and physiological adaptations that enable them to survive in high-salinity environments. Discuss. How can these adaptations be leveraged to address agricultural challenges in saline-prone regions?

How do Srinivasa Ramanujan’s mathematical discoveries find relevance in modern theoretical physics? Illustrate with examples.

Discuss the significance of the government’s decision to mandate pre-installation of the Sanchar Saathi app on all new smartphones from March 2026. How does this measure strengthen mobile security and address challenges related to IMEI spoofing and digital fraud in India?

Discuss the implications of Australia’s decision to enforce a minimum social media age of 16. In what ways does this compare with India’s approach to online safety and data protection for children?

Women’s representation in the Civil Services Examination (CSE) has increased significantly in recent years. Discuss the factors contributing to this rise and analyse its implications for governance and public administration in India.

Discuss the major humanitarian and economic impacts of the ongoing civil war in Sudan. How has the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) deepened the displacement and food insecurity crisis in the country?

India is experiencing a paradox of rising food expenditure alongside declining nutritional quality. Discuss the key factors behind this trend and suggest policy measures to address the emerging nutrition crisis.

"Vande Mataram" has been a symbol of India’s freedom struggle and was adopted as the National Song in 1950 with only two stanzas. Discuss the historical significance of "Vande Mataram" in India’s nationalist movement and the rationale behind adopting only two stanzas officially. In your answer, also examine the relevance of the song in contemporary India.

“Beijing’s success in reducing air pollution offers important lessons for India’s fight against urban smog.” Discuss the key elements of Beijing’s approach and examine how these can be adapted to improve air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR).

“The Draft Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Bill, 2025 has triggered debates around institutional autonomy and cooperative federalism.” Discuss the key concerns raised by stakeholders regarding the proposed changes.

In the context of the Ukraine war and Western sanctions, examine how India is balancing its relations with Russia while protecting its strategic autonomy.

Discuss the effectiveness and limitations of chemical dust suppressants as a measure to control particulate matter pollution in urban areas like Delhi.

Why is there a need for a dedicated law to deal with Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII) in India? Discuss the limitations of the existing legal and policy framework.