“Balanced fertilizer use and soil test-based nutrient management are essential for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity in India.”
In this context, discuss the significance of the Khet Bachao Abhiyan launched by ICAR. Also examine the challenges in promoting sustainable nutrient management among Indian farmers.

“Repeated controversies surrounding NEET have exposed structural weaknesses in India’s centralized examination system.” Critically examine the challenges associated with NEET and suggest reforms to ensure transparency, equity, and accessibility in medical admissions.

“The Supreme Court’s judgment in Syed Iftikhar Andrabi vs National Investigation Agency, Jammu reaffirms that constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and speedy trial cannot be eclipsed by stringent anti-terror laws.”
In this context, critically examine the tension between national security and individual liberty under the Supreme Court of India interpretation of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Discuss the significance of the K.A. Najeeb judgment in safeguarding constitutional rights.

Discuss the challenges posed by religious site disputes such as the Bhojshala–Kamal Maula complex to India’s secular and constitutional framework. How can the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 help in ensuring democratic coexistence and communal harmony?

“The India–Netherlands Strategic Partnership Roadmap (2026–2030) reflects India’s shift towards technology-driven and resilient bilateral alliances.”
Discuss the major areas of cooperation under the India–Netherlands Strategic Partnership. Also examine the key challenges that may hinder the effective implementation of this partnership.

The recent Ebola outbreak in Central Africa has once again highlighted the challenges of global health governance. Discuss the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEICs). Also examine the preparedness required at the global and national levels to prevent future pandemics.

How has the India–UAE relationship evolved from an energy and diaspora-driven partnership to a comprehensive strategic partnership? Discuss the significance of recent India–UAE agreements in the areas of defence, technology, energy security, and economic integration for India’s foreign policy and strategic interests in West Asia.

How do wetlands contribute to ecological balance and sustainable development? Discuss the major threats faced by wetland ecosystems in India and suggest measures for their conservation.

Discuss the constitutional and ethical dimensions of the Sabarimala case. How can a balance be maintained between religious freedom under Article 25 and the principles of equality and constitutional morality?

The recent global move to rename Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) reflects a broader understanding of women’s metabolic and hormonal health. Discuss the significance of this change. How can greater awareness and public health interventions help address lifestyle-related hormonal disorders in India?

Somnath Temple is not merely a religious site but also a symbol of India’s cultural resilience and civilizational continuity. Discuss.

The integration of geospatial technologies and satellite-based monitoring is transforming Indian agriculture governance.”
Discuss this statement in the context of the Indian Space Research Organisation-supported Jute Crop Information System (JCIS). Highlight its significance for crop management, disaster assessment, and evidence-based policymaking.

The integration of geospatial technologies and satellite-based monitoring is transforming Indian agriculture governance.”
Discuss this statement in the context of the Indian Space Research Organisation-supported Jute Crop Information System (JCIS). Highlight its significance for crop management, disaster assessment, and evidence-based policymaking.

Q. “The rise of zoonotic diseases highlights the growing interconnectedness between human health, animal health, and environmental health.”
In the light of the recent hantavirus outbreak, discuss the challenges posed by zoonotic diseases to global public health. Also examine the importance of the One Health Approach in preventing future pandemics.

“The creation of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) marks a significant step towards integration and modernization of India’s defence management system.”
Discuss the role, significance, and challenges associated with the office of the Chief of Defence Staff in India.

The inclusion of Odisha’s Buddhist Diamond Triangle in UNESCO’s Tentative List highlights the role of eastern India in the evolution of Buddhist thought and architecture. Discuss the historical, cultural, and architectural significance of Lalitgiri, Udayagiri, and Ratnagiri in the development of Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana Buddhism.

Discuss the significance of the Ol Chiki script in preserving tribal identity, linguistic diversity, and cultural heritage in India. How has constitutional recognition strengthened the status of the Santhali language?

Explain the concept of ‘Tathagata’ in Buddhism. Discuss the significance of the Five Tathagatas in Buddhist philosophy and practice.

Examine the issues surrounding brain death certification in India in light of the recent Supreme Court proceedings. Suggest measures to ensure transparency, ethical compliance, and reliability in organ transplantation.

“Medical interventions can alter the course of natural selection in human populations.”
Examine this statement in the context of the role of HLA-B alleles and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in HIV survival and transmission.