What is the Greenwald limit in nuclear fusion research? Why is China’s EAST fusion reactor achieving stable plasma density beyond this limit considered important?

“PSLV is often described as ISRO’s workhorse launch vehicle.”
Explain the design features and stage-wise functioning of PSLV that justify this description.

What is the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA)? Examine its significance in empowering tribal self-governance in Fifth Schedule areas. Discuss the major challenges in its effective implementation.

Critically examine the constitutional validity of Section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 in light of the Supreme Court’s split verdict in Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. Union of India. Discuss its implications for the fight against corruption and the principles of equality and accountability in public administration.

“Geoeconomic confrontation has emerged as the most significant global risk in the World Economic Forum’s Global Risk Report 2026.”
In this context, define geoeconomic confrontation and examine its potential implications for global governance and developing economies like India.

“The SHANTI Bill marks a paradigm shift in India’s nuclear power governance by addressing long-standing regulatory and liability bottlenecks.”
Critically examine how the SHANTI Bill seeks to balance energy security, safety, and global integration in India’s nuclear power programme.

“The recent failures of the PSLV-C61 and PSLV-C62 missions have raised concerns regarding reliability, transparency, and commercial credibility of India’s space launch capabilities.”
In this context, examine the implications of repeated launch vehicle failures on India’s space ecosystem, and discuss the importance of institutional transparency and robust failure analysis mechanisms for sustaining public trust and global competitiveness in the commercial space sector.

“Recent advances in CRISPR technology have enabled the reactivation of silenced genes without cutting DNA by targeting epigenetic markers.”
In this context, explain the role of epigenetic gene silencing in human diseases and critically examine how non–DNA-cutting CRISPR approaches could make gene therapy safer and more ethical, with special reference to sickle cell disease.

“Public service broadcasters are increasingly being repositioned as enablers of the creator and orange economy.”
In this context, examine the significance of Prasar Bharati’s ‘Creator’s Corner’ initiative in promoting the creator economy in India. Discuss its potential implications for public broadcasting reforms, digital inclusion, and cultural economy.

“Despite the availability of cost-effective preventive interventions, India continues to report a high burden of neural tube defects such as Spina Bifida.”
In this context, examine the role of pre-conceptional folic acid supplementation and food fortification in preventing Spina Bifida in India. Discuss the challenges in implementation and suggest policy measures to address them.

“The debate over conservation of the Western Ghats reflects the tension between ecological sustainability and developmental priorities.”
In this context, critically examine the recommendations of the Western Ghats Expert Ecology Panel (WGEEP) and the Kasturirangan Committee, highlighting their implications for environmental governance in India.

“The introduction of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model medical colleges in tribal districts marks a shift in India’s approach to healthcare capacity building.”
In this context, examine the rationale behind adopting the PPP model for medical education in tribal regions. Discuss its potential benefits and challenges in ensuring equity, quality of healthcare delivery, and public accountability.

“Bomb cyclones represent a class of rapidly intensifying mid-latitude storms with multi-hazard impacts.”
In this context, explain the phenomenon of bomb cyclones and examine their implications for disaster preparedness and infrastructure resilience in a changing climate.

Q. The recent U.S. strike on Venezuela has been
described as a revival of the "Monroe Doctrine" in
contemporary geopolitics.
In this context, examine the relevance of the Monroe
Doctrine in the 21st century and discuss the implications
of such interventions on sovereignty and regional
stability in Latin America.

Discuss how advancements in seed technology and public sector institutions contribute to agricultural productivity and farmers’ income in India.

“The recent U.S. military action against Venezuela has reopened debates on sovereignty, intervention, and the limits of unilateral action in international relations.”
Discuss the stated justifications of the United States and critically examine the implications of such actions for international law and global order.

Discuss the role of institutional mechanisms such as the Board of Trade (BoT), Market Access Initiative, and Export Promotion Mission in addressing exporters’ concerns and enhancing India’s export competitiveness.

“The Vande Bharat sleeper train marks a significant shift in India’s railway modernisation by combining indigenous technology, safety systems and passenger-centric design.”
Examine the statement with reference to the features of the Vande Bharat sleeper trains and their role in strengthening India’s transport infrastructure.

“The stitched shipbuilding system reflects India’s indigenous technological ingenuity and adaptive maritime knowledge.”

Discuss the key features of the traditional Indian stitched shipbuilding system and evaluate its relevance in the context of modern maritime practices.

“INSV Kaundinya represents the revival of India’s ancient maritime traditions and highlights the continuity of indigenous shipbuilding knowledge.”

Examine the statement with reference to the technological features, cultural symbolism, and historical maritime linkages of India.