Mains Answer Writing - 18 Aug, 2026

GS3

Disaster Management

15 marks

Extreme heat in Indian cities is increasingly becoming a question of climate justice rather than merely a meteorological hazard. Examine with particular reference to the vulnerability of the urban poor and suggest measures for heat-resilient cities.

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Tips for your answer

Explain heat vulnerability as Exposure × Sensitivity × Adaptive Capacity; identical temperatures produce unequal impacts because housing, occupation, income and access to cooling differ.
Remember Urban Heat Island effect, Delhi’s Sunder Nagri heat diaries, 54°C-plus surface temperatures, NDMA Heat Wave Guidelines, Heat Action Plans and cool roofs.
Do not interpret 54°C as Delhi’s official air temperature; it refers to ground-surface temperatures recorded through thermal imaging in the settlement.

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