India's freedom struggle was not merely a political movement but also a cultural awakening that transformed art, literature, music and symbols into instruments of nationalism. Discuss.

Power trade is emerging as an important instrument of India’s neighbourhood diplomacy. Examine how electricity cooperation with Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan can advance India’s strategic and economic interests while promoting regional integration.

The FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026 seeks to strengthen state oversight over foreign-funded organisations while raising concerns about civil society autonomy. Critically examine.

The next phase of India's MSME growth lies not merely in creating more enterprises, but in clustering them. Examine how a cluster-based approach can enhance the productivity and global competitiveness of Indian MSMEs.

The demand for Scheduled Caste status for Dalit Christians raises complex questions of caste discrimination, religious freedom and affirmative action. Critically examine the constitutional and socio-legal dimensions of this debate.

E-Samudra represents an important step towards digital transformation of India's maritime administration. Examine its significance in improving maritime governance and discuss the challenges in building an integrated digital maritime ecosystem.

The emerging Turkey–Pakistan–Saudi Arabia defence partnership signals a changing security architecture across West and South Asia. Examine its geopolitical significance and implications for India's strategic interests.

UPI has emerged as a critical Digital Public Infrastructure, but its zero-charge model raises concerns over the financial sustainability of the payments ecosystem. Examine whether UPI should continue to remain free.

The evolving digital ecosystem has renewed the debate on the Safe Harbour Clause under the Information Technology Act. Examine the significance of the Safe Harbour Clause for digital innovation and free speech, and evaluate the need for greater intermediary accountability.

The eastward expansion of the Thar Desert reflects the growing challenge of desertification in India. Examine the major drivers of desertification and suggest measures for sustainable land management.

The recent incidents of severe in-flight turbulence have drawn attention to upper air phenomena and their growing implications for aviation safety. Discuss the major upper air atmospheric phenomena and examine their significance for weather forecasting, disaster management and aviation.

The recent efforts by the Centre to facilitate dialogue between Odisha and Chhattisgarh have revived hopes of resolving the Mahanadi water dispute. Examine the constitutional and federal issues involved in inter-state river water disputes, and evaluate the measures required for their timely and cooperative resolution.

"The true potential of Artificial Intelligence lies not merely in building frontier AI models, but in commoditising AI as a Digital Public Infrastructure that is affordable, accessible and inclusive." Discuss.

"The recurring immigration crises in Europe reflect a deeper tension between humanitarian values, demographic realities and national sovereignty." Discuss in the context of the recent Spain migration crisis.

"The rise of social media platforms has created a new governance challenge where private digital power increasingly intersects with sovereign state authority." Examine the challenges this poses to democratic governance. Suggest measures to ensure accountable digital governance.

"Respect for national symbols strengthens national unity, but constitutional democracies must also safeguard individual freedoms." Examine this statement in the context of legal protection for national symbols in India.

Industrial production is an important indicator of the health of an economy. Examine the role of industrial production in promoting sustainable economic growth in India. Suggest measures to sustain industrial growth in the long run.

Artificial Intelligence is fundamentally transforming the nature of work rather than merely replacing jobs. Examine the impact of AI on employment in India. Discuss the measures required to ensure an inclusive and future-ready workforce.

Wildfires are increasingly emerging as a major natural disaster in the era of climate change. Examine the factors responsible for the increasing incidence of wildfires and discuss the measures required to strengthen wildfire disaster management in India, in the light of the recent France wildfires.

India's examination system is due for structural reforms to meet the demands of a knowledge-driven economy. Examine the key challenges in the existing examination system and discuss how technology-driven reforms can improve its credibility, inclusiveness and effectiveness.