"Vande Mataram" has been a symbol of India’s freedom struggle and was adopted as the National Song in 1950 with only two stanzas. Discuss the historical significance of "Vande Mataram" in India’s nationalist movement and the rationale behind adopting only two stanzas officially. In your answer, also examine the relevance of the song in contemporary India.

“Beijing’s success in reducing air pollution offers important lessons for India’s fight against urban smog.” Discuss the key elements of Beijing’s approach and examine how these can be adapted to improve air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR).

“The Draft Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Bill, 2025 has triggered debates around institutional autonomy and cooperative federalism.” Discuss the key concerns raised by stakeholders regarding the proposed changes.

In the context of the Ukraine war and Western sanctions, examine how India is balancing its relations with Russia while protecting its strategic autonomy.

Discuss the effectiveness and limitations of chemical dust suppressants as a measure to control particulate matter pollution in urban areas like Delhi.

Why is there a need for a dedicated law to deal with Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII) in India? Discuss the limitations of the existing legal and policy framework.

Critically examine the implications of the proposed Ukraine–Russia peace frameworks on European security architecture and global geopolitics.

Why is a dedicated law on Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse (NCII) needed in India? Discuss.

Discuss how hypoxia-induced changes in plasma membrane lipids influence the metastatic potential of pancreatic cancer cells. What implications does this have for future cancer therapies?

Despite the rapid growth of India’s economy, women’s participation in the workforce, especially in the gig economy, remains low. Discuss the structural barriers that hinder women’s entry into gig work and suggest measures to improve their participation.

Discuss the potential health implications of Gender-Affirmative Hormone Therapy (GAHT) in transgender women in the light of recent scientific findings.

Do the proposed ‘One Nation One Election’ Bills violate the basic structure of the Constitution? Examine the key constitutional and administrative issues highlighted by the Law Commission.

Critically examine the Election Commission’s stance on simultaneous elections in India, especially with reference to the basic structure doctrine and election-related institutional mechanisms.

Critically examine the limitations of the POSH Act in addressing sexual harassment in educational institutions, especially in cases involving power imbalance and emotional manipulation. Suggest reforms.

With the rise of deepfake technologies and AI-generated content, discuss the challenges they pose to personality rights in India. Evaluate the adequacy of existing legal frameworks and suggest measures to ensure stronger protection.

“The 2025 Hayli Gubbi volcanic eruption highlights the geological dynamism of the East African Rift System.” Explain.

What opportunities does the entry of private players in manufacturing PSLV create for India’s space economy?

The COP30 draft text has avoided mentioning a clear phase-out of fossil fuels. Discuss the implications of this omission for global climate action, particularly for developing countries.

Discuss the significance of the 20th G20 Leaders’ Summit in Johannesburg for India’s foreign policy, with reference to the themes of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and South–South cooperation.

The 2024 India–Pakistan Smog highlights that air pollution in South Asia is a transboundary problem. Discuss the key causes of this crisis and suggest long-term regional strategies to tackle it.