UPSC 2013 Mains GS1 Model Answer - Africa was chopped into states artificially created by the accident of European competition. Analyse.

Model Answer:

The partitioning of Africa in the late 19th century resulted from European imperialism, driven by competition among European powers, leading to arbitrary state boundaries.

Consequences of European Competition in Africa 

1. The Berlin Conference (1884-85) formalized European claims in Africa, disregarding indigenous cultures and existing political structures, creating arbitrary borders that fragmented communities.
2. Colonial powers prioritized resource extraction and strategic advantages over local governance, leading to the exploitation of African resources and neglect of social development.
3. Post-colonial nation-states inherited these artificial boundaries, often resulting in ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and political instability due to the disregard for tribal affiliations.
4. The arbitrary nature of borders has hindered economic integration, creating challenges in trade and cooperation among neighbouring states, and stunting regional growth and development.
5. Modern African states continue to grapple with the legacies of colonialism, facing challenges in national identity, governance, and social cohesion, impacting overall development.

The artificial boundaries created during European colonization have had lasting repercussions on Africa, contributing to ongoing conflicts, underdevelopment, and challenges in nation-building and regional cooperation.

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