Q18. ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view.

Model Answer:

Introduction

The women's movement in India has made significant strides but often overlooks the challenges faced by women from lower social strata.

Body

Phases of Women’s Movement in India

  1. Early 20th Century: Focused on social reform, education, and legal rights for women.
  2. Post-Independence (1947): Emergence of policies addressing women's rights; limited focus on socio-economic disparities.
  3. 1970s-1980s: Increased activism for women’s rights, yet urban-centric perspectives prevailed.
  4. 1990s Onwards: Globalization led to new challenges; rural and marginalized voices remained unheard.

Issues Not Addressed for Lower Social Strata Women

  1. Economic Disparities: Lower caste and tribal women face higher poverty rates (32% in 2021).
  2. Education Gaps: Only 40% of rural women are literate compared to 72% of urban women.
  3. Healthcare Access: Maternal mortality rate remains high among low-income groups (167 per 100,000 live births).
  4. Caste Discrimination: Intersectionality is often ignored; Dalit women face compounded discrimination.
  5. Employment Opportunities: Limited job access; 26% workforce participation compared to urban counterparts.
  6. Violence Against Women: Higher vulnerability to domestic violence; 54% reported in lower socio-economic groups.
  7. Lack of Representation: Marginalized women are absent in leadership roles; urban-focused agendas dominate discussions.
  8. Awareness of Rights: Low awareness of legal rights among rural women hinders empowerment efforts. 

Conclusion

To achieve substantive gender equality, the women's movement in India must integrate the voices and experiences of women from lower social strata, addressing the complexities of intersectionality and structural inequality. 

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