Subject: Indian Society

India's complex social fabric has witnessed recurring instances of communal tensions, often emerging from power dynamics and socio-economic disparities. The recent 84% surge in communal violence incidents in 2024, as reported by the Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), underscores this persistent challenge.

Power Struggle as a Catalyst

• Political Mobilization: Politicians often exploit religious identities during elections, as evidenced by the correlation between the 2024 general elections and increased communal incidents.

• Historical Legacy: The British 'divide and rule' policy institutionalized communal divisions for political control, creating lasting impacts on India's social fabric.

• Electoral Politics: The concentration of communal violence in states like Maharashtra (12 incidents) and Uttar Pradesh (7 incidents) during election periods demonstrates the political manipulation of religious sentiments.

Relative Deprivation as a Driver

• Economic Disparities: Research indicates significant wealth gaps between religious communities, with Sikhs being the wealthiest religious group, followed by Christians, while Muslims often face economic marginalization.

• Social Exclusion: Limited access to education, employment, and public services in certain communities fuels feelings of deprivation and resentment.

• Resource Competition: Competition for limited resources in urban areas often takes communal overtones, particularly in economically disadvantaged regions.

Addressing Communal Challenges

• Institutional Mechanisms: The National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) works to rehabilitate victims and promote interfaith dialogue.

• Recognition Programs: The National Communal Harmony Award incentivizes individuals and organizations working towards communal harmony.

• Policy Interventions: The Ministry of Home Affairs guidelines for communal harmony emphasize preventive measures and quick response mechanisms.

The intricate relationship between power struggles and relative deprivation continues to shape India's communal landscape. However, the success of initiatives like NFCH and increasing awareness about communal harmony offer hope for a more inclusive and harmonious society. The path forward lies in addressing both political exploitation and socio-economic disparities through constitutional values and inclusive development.