Subject: Indian Society

The persistent influence of caste system in India is evident through its transformation from traditional hierarchical structure to modern forms of social organization and discrimination, as highlighted by the rise in atrocities against Scheduled Tribes from 624 in 2020 to 773 in 2022 in Odisha.

New Forms and Identities of Caste System

• Political Manifestation: Caste has become a crucial factor in electoral politics, with parties forming caste-based coalitions and vote banks (e.g., emergence of caste-based political parties like BSP).

• Economic Dimensions: Caste networks have evolved into business associations and chambers of commerce, perpetuating economic exclusion (e.g., dominance of certain castes in specific industries).

• Digital Manifestation: Social media platforms have become new venues for caste-based discrimination and identity assertion (e.g., caste-based matrimonial websites).

Reasons for Persistence

• Structural Integration: Caste has become deeply embedded in modern institutions, as evidenced by the Supreme Court's recent involvement in caste census debates.

• Social Capital: Caste networks provide access to resources, opportunities, and support systems, making them resilient to change.

• Identity Politics: The rise of identity-based mobilization has strengthened caste consciousness (e.g., demands for reservation by various communities).

Challenges in Eradication

• Statistical Evidence: The increase in crimes against Scheduled Castes from 2,046 in 2020 to 2,902 in 2022 in Odisha indicates persistent discrimination.

• Modern Adaptations: Caste discrimination has adapted to urban settings and professional spaces through subtle forms.

• Institutional Entrenchment: The need for protective discrimination through reservations reflects the continued relevance of caste.

Way Forward

• Educational Reforms: Implementing comprehensive anti-discrimination curriculum in schools.

• Legal Measures: Strengthening implementation of the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act.

• Social Awareness: Promoting inter-caste dialogues and cultural integration programs.

Despite constitutional provisions and social reforms, caste continues to evolve and persist through new forms. The solution lies in addressing both its traditional manifestations and modern avatars through a combination of legal reforms, social engineering, and economic empowerment initiatives like the Stand-Up India scheme for SC/ST entrepreneurs.