Subject: Indian Society

India's unique interpretation of secularism, enshrined in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment 1976, presents a distinct model compared to Western secular traditions, reflecting our diverse socio-cultural fabric and historical evolution.

Conceptual Differences

• Equal Treatment vs Strict Separation: Indian secularism advocates 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava' (equal respect for all religions), while Western secularism emphasizes strict separation of church and state.
• State Intervention: Indian model allows state intervention in religious affairs for social reform (e.g., Temple Entry Proclamation, Hindu Code Bills), unlike Western model's non-interference policy.
• Religious Identity: India recognizes and protects distinct religious identities through Article 25-28, whereas Western secularism promotes individual rights over group rights.

Constitutional Framework

• Positive Secularism: Indian Constitution enables state support to all religions equally (e.g., Haj subsidy, maintenance of religious institutions).
• Personal Laws: India maintains separate personal laws for different religious communities, contrasting with Western uniform civil codes.
• Educational Rights: Article 30 guarantees minorities' right to establish educational institutions, reflecting India's accommodative approach.

Practical Implementation

• Religious Festivals: State participation in religious festivals and events (e.g., Kumbh Mela arrangements) is accepted in India, unlike Western secular practices.
• Cultural Integration: Indian secularism embraces religious symbols and practices as cultural elements (e.g., Yoga Day celebrations).
• Judicial Approach: As per 2024 Supreme Court ruling, secularism means state neither supports nor penalizes any religion, maintaining neutrality while ensuring religious freedom.

Challenges and Contemporary Issues

• Rising Communalism: Recent incidents like 2020 Delhi riots highlight challenges to secular fabric.
• Policy Debates: Discussions around Uniform Civil Code and Citizenship Amendment Act reflect tensions in implementing secular principles.
• Religious Freedom: Reports from 2023-25 indicate concerns about religious freedom and minority rights protection.

India's secular model, rooted in principles of "unity in diversity" and "peaceful coexistence", continues to evolve through constitutional interpretation and social dynamics. The success of this unique approach depends on balancing religious freedom with social harmony, as demonstrated by landmark initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram and National Commission for Minorities.