Q6. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss

Model Answer:

Introduction

Coal mining, despite its adverse environmental impacts, remains a crucial activity for economic development in many parts of the world. It provides a vital source of energy, supports industrial growth, and contributes to employment, especially in developing nations. However, the environmental degradation caused by coal mining, including pollution and habitat destruction, presents significant challenges.

Body

Economic Importance of Coal:

• Energy Production: Coal remains one of the primary sources of energy, especially in countries like India and China. It fuels power plants that generate electricity for industries, households, and infrastructure.
• Industrial Growth: Coal is essential for industries like steel and cement, which are cornerstones of modern infrastructure development. Until viable alternatives become mainstream, coal will continue to be indispensable for industrial output.
• Employment and Livelihoods: In many regions, coal mining supports local economies by providing jobs to millions. It is often the backbone of regional economies, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas.

Adverse Environmental Impacts:

• Deforestation and Land Degradation: Coal mining leads to large-scale deforestation and destruction of habitats. Open-pit mining, in particular, strips the land of its natural vegetation.
• Air and Water Pollution: Mining operations release harmful pollutants, including particulate matter and chemicals, which contaminate the air and water, affecting human health and biodiversity.
• Carbon Emissions: Burning coal is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, driving climate change.

Balancing Development with Environmental Protection:

• Transition to Cleaner Energy: While coal is essential for current energy needs, transitioning to renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power is critical for long-term sustainability. Investment in cleaner energy technologies is crucial.
• Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies: Technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) can help reduce the environmental impact of coal mining and burning, allowing for a more balanced approach.
• Stricter Regulations and Environmental Restoration: Governments can implement stricter environmental regulations and invest in reforestation and habitat restoration efforts in mining areas to mitigate the damage caused by coal extraction.

Conclusion

Though coal mining poses significant environmental risks, it remains essential for economic development, energy production, and employment in many parts of the world. A pragmatic approach would involve reducing coal dependency over time, investing in cleaner energy alternatives, and implementing technologies and policies that minimise the environmental impact of coal extraction and usage. Sustainable development can be achieved by balancing the immediate need for coal with the long-term goal of environmental preservation.

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