Subject: Indian Geography

India's geographical location between 8°4' N and 37°6' N latitudes provides it with abundant solar energy potential, though its development shows significant regional variations based on various geographical and infrastructural factors.

Solar Energy Potential and Distribution

• India receives about 5000 trillion kWh per year of solar insolation, with most parts experiencing 300-330 sunny days annually.
• The Thar Desert region in Rajasthan and Gujarat leads in solar potential due to:
  • High solar radiation intensity.
  • Availability of vast barren lands.
  • Clear skies for maximum sunlight exposure.

Regional Variations and Challenges

• Geographical Factors:

  • Western India: States like Gujarat and Rajasthan show highest potential due to clear weather and vast open spaces.
  • Northeast Region: Experiences limitations due to frequent cloud cover and mountainous terrain.
  • In 2024, India witnessed 3-10% decline in solar irradiance due to intense monsoon with 8% above average rainfall.

• Infrastructural Development:

  • As of June 2023, 37,990 MW capacity sanctioned across 50 solar parks in 12 states.
  • By December 2023, 10,237 MW capacity established within these parks.

Factors Affecting Regional Development

• Climate Variations:

  • Monsoon impact on Central India and Western Ghats affecting solar radiation.
  • Seasonal variations in sunlight availability across regions.

• Land Availability:

  • Desert states have advantage of abundant land.
  • Densely populated states face land acquisition challenges.

• Grid Infrastructure:

  • Western and Southern regions have better transmission infrastructure.
  • Remote areas face connectivity issues.

The future of India's solar energy development lies in addressing these regional variations through targeted policies and infrastructure development. The success of projects like the National Solar Mission and initiatives like PM-KUSUM demonstrates India's commitment to harnessing its vast solar potential, aiming towards its goal of achieving 500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030.