Subject: Indian Geography

The Himalayan glaciers, often referred to as the "Third Pole", are experiencing unprecedented melting due to global warming, posing significant challenges for India's water security and socio-economic stability.

Impact on River Systems and Water Availability

• The glacial melt contribution varies significantly across major river systems - 41% for Indus, 13% for Ganges, and 16% for Brahmaputra, highlighting the differential vulnerability of river basins.
• Altered seasonal runoff patterns are disrupting traditional agricultural cycles and water availability in the Indo-Gangetic plains, affecting millions of farmers.
• The changing precipitation patterns are leading to increased instances of flash floods during monsoons and water scarcity during lean periods.

Effects on Hydropower Generation

• Recent data shows a 16.3% decline in India's hydroelectric power output in FY 2023-24 due to irregular rainfall and natural disasters.
• Despite plans to increase hydropower capacity from 42 GW to 67 GW by 2031-32, the melting glaciers pose a significant threat to this energy security vision.
• The altered flow regimes affect the operational efficiency of existing hydropower projects in the Himalayan region.

Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications

• Impacts on food security as irregular water availability affects agricultural productivity in the northern plains.
• Increased risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) threatening downstream communities and infrastructure.
• Changes in local ecosystems and biodiversity, affecting high-altitude flora and fauna.

Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

• Implementation of climate-resilient water management systems.
• Development of alternative water storage mechanisms to offset reduced glacier storage.
• Promotion of water-efficient agricultural practices and crop diversification.

The melting of Himalayan glaciers represents a critical challenge requiring immediate attention through integrated water resource management and climate adaptation strategies. The success of initiatives like the National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) and National Water Mission will be crucial in addressing these challenges and ensuring water security for future generations.