Subject: World Geography

India's mangrove ecosystems, vital guardians of our coastlines, face unprecedented challenges despite their critical ecological role. As per the India State of Forest Report 2023, India's mangrove cover stands at 4,991.68 sq km, representing just 0.15% of the country's geographical area.

Causes of Mangrove Depletion

Anthropogenic Factors:

• Urban Development: Rapid coastal urbanization and infrastructure projects under initiatives like Sagarmala Programme leading to mangrove destruction.
• Aquaculture Expansion: Conversion of mangrove areas into commercial fishing ponds and shrimp farms.
• Industrial Pollution: Discharge of untreated industrial effluents affecting mangrove health and regeneration.
• Over-exploitation: Excessive harvesting of mangroves for timber, fuel wood, and other forest products.

Natural Factors:

• Climate Change: Rising sea levels and changing precipitation patterns affecting mangrove survival.
• Coastal Erosion: Natural weathering processes accelerated by human activities.
• Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency of cyclones and storms damaging mangrove ecosystems.

Importance in Maintaining Coastal Ecology

Environmental Benefits:

• Natural Barrier: Act as bio-shields protecting coastlines from storms, tsunamis, and cyclones.
• Carbon Sequestration: Serve as efficient carbon sinks, storing 3-5 times more carbon than tropical forests.
• Biodiversity Support: Provide breeding and nursery grounds for marine species.

Economic Value:

• Studies reveal significant economic benefits ranging from US$1,985.17 to US$72,008.47 per hectare per year.
• Support coastal livelihoods through fishing, honey collection, and eco-tourism.

Conservation Initiatives:

• MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes) aims to restore/afforest approximately 540 square kilometers of mangroves across coastal states.
• Integration with MGNREGS and CAMPA for sustainable mangrove conservation.

The government's proactive approach through initiatives like MISHTI, coupled with an allocation of ₹17.96 crore for mangrove restoration in 2024-25, demonstrates India's commitment to preserving these vital coastal ecosystems. However, continued vigilance and community participation remain crucial for their long-term survival.