Subject: World Geography

The intricate balance between environmental sustainability and developmental imperatives has positioned coal mining at a critical crossroads, where its adverse impacts intersect with economic necessities.

Environmental Impact of Coal Mining

• Air Pollution: Coal mining releases harmful pollutants including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, with US data showing a 24% decrease in SO2 and 15% decrease in NOx emissions in 2023.

• Land Degradation: Mining activities lead to:

  • Destruction of natural landscapes and biodiversity.
  • Acid mine drainage affecting soil quality and water bodies.
  • Loss of agricultural land and forest cover.

• Climate Change Impact: Coal mining contributes significantly to:

  • Greenhouse gas emissions with global coal emissions projected to increase by 0.2% in 2024.
  • Release of methane during extraction process.

Developmental Necessity

• Energy Security:

  • India's coal production reached 1.04 billion tonnes in 2024, highlighting its crucial role in power generation.
  • Coal India Limited contributed 785.2 million tonnes, ensuring energy availability.

• Economic Growth:

  • Employment generation in mining regions.
  • Support to steel and cement industries.
  • Reduction in import dependency with 8.4% decrease in coal imports.

Way Forward for Sustainable Mining

• Technological Solutions:

  • Implementation of clean coal technologies.
  • Use of underground mining to minimize surface damage.
  • Carbon capture and storage systems.

• Policy Measures:

  • Strict environmental compliance monitoring.
  • Investment in mine reclamation projects.
  • Balanced approach between mining and conservation.

The transition towards renewable energy sources shows promise, with projections indicating renewables will surpass coal as the largest electricity source globally by 2025. However, until renewable infrastructure matures fully, coal mining remains an essential component of development, necessitating a balanced approach between environmental protection and economic growth.