Subject: World Geography

The Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan with World Bank mediation, stands as a landmark water-sharing agreement governing the usage of six rivers - Indus, Chenab, Jhelum, Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi, demonstrating the potential for hydro-diplomacy in South Asia.

Key Provisions and Implementation

• India has complete rights over the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi) while Pakistan has control over the western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum).
• The treaty allows India limited use of western rivers for hydroelectric projects without affecting water flow to Pakistan.
• Established a permanent Indus Commission for dispute resolution and technical cooperation.

Ecological Implications

• Ecosystem Disruption: Construction of dams and irrigation projects has led to habitat fragmentation and altered natural flow patterns.
• Biodiversity Impact: Changes in water flow affect aquatic species, migration patterns, and riverine ecosystems.
• Climate Change Vulnerability: Altered precipitation patterns and glacial melting affect river systems' sustainability.

Economic Implications

• Agricultural Dependency: Pakistan relies on the Indus system for 80% of its water needs, irrigating 16 million hectares of cultivated land.
• Food Security: Any disruption in water flow could lead to reduced crop yields and food shortages in Pakistan.
• Hydropower Generation: The treaty affects both nations' ability to harness hydroelectric potential.

Political Implications

• Recent Developments: India's announcement to suspend IWT in April 2025 following the Baisaran Valley Terrorist Attack.
• Bilateral Tensions: Failed attempts at renegotiation in 2023 and 2024 due to Pakistan's resistance.
• Strategic Tool: Water sharing has become a crucial element in Indo-Pak diplomatic relations.

The future of the Indus Water Treaty requires a balanced approach considering ecological sustainability, economic needs, and political stability. The treaty's revision must incorporate climate change adaptations and modern water management techniques while maintaining regional peace and cooperation.