Subject: World History

Answer:

The Industrial Revolution marked a transformative period in human history from 1760 to 1840, with England being its epicenter. This unprecedented technological and socio-economic transformation fundamentally altered manufacturing processes, leading to the birth of modern industrial society. England's unique combination of geographical, political, and economic factors made it the perfect breeding ground for this revolutionary change.

Factors Contributing to England's Industrial Leadership

• Geographic Advantages:

  • Abundant coal and iron ore deposits in close proximity facilitated the growth of iron and steel industries.
  • Extensive network of navigable rivers and natural harbors enabled efficient transportation.
  • Island location protected it from continental wars, ensuring political stability.

• Economic Conditions:

  • Agricultural Revolution preceded industrialization, creating food surplus and labor availability.
  • Strong banking system and joint-stock companies provided necessary capital.
  • Colonial Empire ensured ready markets and raw material sources.

• Political Stability:

  • Glorious Revolution of 1688 established constitutional monarchy.
  • Strong property rights and patent laws encouraged innovation.
  • Liberal economic policies promoted free trade and entrepreneurship.

Quality of Life During Industrialization

• Working Conditions:

  • Long working hours (12-16 hours) in hazardous conditions.
  • Child labor was widespread in textile mills and coal mines.
  • Poor workplace safety and frequent industrial accidents.

• Living Standards:

  • Overcrowded urban slums with poor sanitation.
  • High mortality rates due to diseases like cholera and typhoid.
  • Rise of working-class movements and labor unions.

Comparison with Contemporary India

• Labor Conditions:

  • India has stronger labor laws and regulations (Factories Act 1948).
  • Child labor prohibited through Child Labour Act 1986.
  • 8-hour workday and mandatory safety standards.

• Social Security:

  • Better healthcare access through Ayushman Bharat.
  • Social security schemes like EPF and ESI.
  • Right to Education ensures universal education access.

Despite the harsh conditions during England's industrialization, it laid the foundation for modern economic growth. Contemporary India, learning from historical experiences, has implemented stronger protective measures for workers while pursuing industrial development. The focus has shifted from mere industrial growth to sustainable development and inclusive growth through initiatives like Make in India and Skill India, ensuring better quality of life for the workforce.