Subject: Indian Society

The debates on secularism in India and the West reflect distinct historical trajectories, social contexts, and constitutional frameworks that have shaped their respective approaches to religious pluralism and state-religion relationships.

Historical Evolution and Context

• Western Secularism emerged from the Protestant Reformation and aims for strict separation of church and state, exemplified by French laïcité which prohibits religious symbols in public spaces.
• Indian Secularism evolved from centuries of religious coexistence and the freedom struggle, embracing "Sarva Dharma Sambhava" (equal respect for all religions) rather than complete separation.

Constitutional Framework

• Western Approach:

  • Emphasizes negative liberty (freedom from religion).
  • Maintains strict neutrality and non-interference in religious matters.
  • Example: French ban on hijab in sports and abaya in schools (2023-24).

• Indian Approach:

  • Adopts positive secularism (equal treatment of all religions).
  • State can intervene to reform religious practices.
  • Example: Article 25-28 provides freedom of religion while allowing state regulation.

Contemporary Challenges

• Western Challenges:

  • Rising immigration and cultural diversity.
  • Integration of religious minorities.
  • Balancing individual rights with secular principles.

• Indian Challenges:

  • Religious Freedom: According to Pew Research (2019-20), while 91% feel free to practice their religion, interfaith marriage faces widespread opposition.
  • Legal Framework: Ten states have laws restricting religious conversions (2023-25).
  • Social Harmony: Need to balance majority aspirations with minority rights.

Judicial Interpretation

• Western Courts focus on maintaining separation between state and religion.
• Indian Supreme Court has evolved concepts like:
  • Essential Religious Practices doctrine.
  • Protection of minority educational institutions.
  • Balance between religious freedom and social reform.

The unique Indian model of secularism, rooted in its civilizational ethos and constitutional values, continues to evolve through democratic processes and judicial interpretation. The success of this model lies in strengthening constitutional morality while preserving India's rich tradition of "Unity in Diversity".