Subject: Physical Geography

Temperature inversion, a critical meteorological phenomenon, significantly impacts both weather patterns and human wellbeing, particularly in urban environments where its effects are most pronounced.

Definition and Formation

• Normal Lapse Rate: Usually, temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5°C per kilometer in the troposphere.
• Inversion Process: During temperature inversion, this pattern reverses, creating a warm layer of air above that traps cooler air near the surface.
• Types of Inversion:
  • Radiation Inversion: Forms on clear, calm nights when ground rapidly cools.
  • Subsidence Inversion: Occurs when descending air in high-pressure systems warms through compression.
  • Frontal Inversion: Develops when warm air masses override cold air masses.

Impact on Weather

• Atmospheric Stability: Creates stable conditions preventing vertical air movement and mixing.
• Cloud Formation: Inhibits convection, leading to:
  • Formation of stratus clouds below inversion layer.
  • Fog development in valleys and low-lying areas.
• Precipitation Patterns: Reduces chances of precipitation due to limited vertical mixing.
• Air Quality: Traps pollutants near the surface, leading to:
  • Smog formation in urban areas.
  • Deteriorating air quality (AQI reaching "severe plus" levels of 491 in Delhi).

Effects on Inhabitants

• Health Impacts:
  • Increased respiratory illnesses, particularly asthma and bronchitis.
  • Higher incidence of cardiovascular problems.
  • Reduced visibility affecting transportation safety.
• Economic Consequences:
  • Reduced agricultural productivity due to fog and pollution.
  • Impact on GDP due to health-related productivity losses.
  • Increased healthcare costs.

Temperature inversion represents a significant meteorological challenge, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions like the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its management requires integrated approaches combining urban planning, emission controls, and early warning systems to protect public health and ensure sustainable development.