UPSC 2013 Mains GS1 Model Answer - Analyze the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the agreement.

Model Answer:

The Tashkent Agreement, signed in January 1966, was a crucial peace accord between India and Pakistan aimed at resolving conflicts following the 1965 war.

Circumstances Leading to the Tashkent Agreement

1. The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War stemmed from territorial disputes over Kashmir, exacerbating tensions and military confrontations between the two nations.
2. International pressure, particularly from the Soviet Union and the United States, urged both countries to de-escalate and seek a diplomatic resolution to the conflict.
3. The war resulted in heavy casualties and economic strain for both nations, highlighting the need for a peaceful settlement to prevent future conflicts.
4. The United Nations intervened, advocating for a ceasefire, prompting both nations to negotiate and consider a formal agreement to restore peace.
5. India's victory in the war, coupled with the desire to consolidate territorial gains, necessitated negotiations to secure a lasting peace with Pakistan.

Highlights of the Tashkent Agreement

1. Both countries agreed to withdraw their forces to pre-war positions, fostering a de-escalation of military tensions along the international border.
2. The agreement emphasized the importance of bilateral dialogue to address outstanding issues, particularly the Kashmir conflict, promoting a peaceful resolution framework.
3. A pledge was made to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, aiming to build mutual trust and prevent future hostilities.
4. Economic cooperation and development were encouraged, recognizing that improved relations could benefit both nations economically and socially.
5. The Soviet Union acted as a mediator, underscoring its influence in South Asian geopolitics and commitment to maintaining regional stability.

‍The Tashkent Agreement marked a significant attempt at peace between India and Pakistan, setting a foundation for future negotiations despite ongoing tensions in the region.

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