Q6. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present times?

Model Answer:

Introduction

The Industrial Revolution first occurred in England during the late 18th century due to several factors:

Body

Reasons for Industrial Revolution in England:

• Abundant Resources: England had vast coal and iron deposits crucial for industrial machinery and energy.
• Agricultural Advancements: The Agricultural Revolution led to surplus food production, freeing labour for industrial work.
• Political Stability: England had a stable political system and government policies that promoted trade and innovation.
• Colonial Empire: The British Empire provided access to raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.
• Technological Innovation: Inventions like the spinning jenny, steam engine, and mechanised looms fueled industrialization.
• Strong Financial Systems: Developed banking and capital markets allowed easy access to investments for entrepreneurs.

Quality of Life During Industrialization in England:

• Poor Working Conditions: Labourers worked long hours (12–16 hours/day) in hazardous environments, often without basic safety measures.
• Child Labour: Many children worked in factories under harsh conditions.
• Overcrowded Living Conditions: Urbanisation led to cramped, unsanitary living quarters.
• Health Issues: Poor sanitation and pollution caused widespread diseases like cholera and tuberculosis.
• Limited Worker Rights: Low wages, lack of job security, and no social welfare were common.

Comparison with India’s Present Times:

• Improved Labour Rights: Unlike early industrial England, India now has labour laws, minimum wage protections, and working-hour regulations.
• Urbanisation Challenges: India faces overcrowding, pollution, and slum housing, reminiscent of England’s industrial cities.
• Technological Access: While India is more advanced technologically, income inequality remains a concern.
• Health and Education: India's access to healthcare and education is better than in industrial England, but still unequal across regions.

Conclusion

‍England’s Industrial Revolution was fueled by resource availability and innovation, but the quality of life for workers was grim. In comparison, modern India has better legal frameworks and technological advancements but faces similar challenges in terms of urbanisation and inequality.

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