Fjords are long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea between high cliffs or steep slopes, formed by glacial activity during the last Ice Age. They are known for their dramatic landscapes and are considered among the most scenic natural formations globally.

Formation of Fjords

1. Glacial Erosion (Pre-Glacial Phase):

   • During Ice Ages, massive valley glaciers carved out deep U-shaped valleys in mountainous coastal regions.
   • The weight and movement of the glacier eroded the valley floor below sea level. (Image a)

2. Glacial Retreat (Deglaciation): As the climate warmed, glaciers melted and retreated, leaving behind deep troughs. (Image b & c)

3. Marine Inundation: These valleys were then flooded by rising sea levels, creating deep inlets—fjords. (Image d)

Notable Examples of Fjords

Why are Fjords Picturesque?

1. Dramatic Landscapes: High cliffs, cascading waterfalls, and deep blue waters create awe-inspiring visuals.

2. Glacial Lakes & Clear Waters: The glacial origin gives rise to pristine, sediment-rich turquoise waters.

3. Biodiversity and Marine Life: Home to unique marine ecosystems (e.g., orcas in Norway, dolphins in NZ).

4. Tourism and Recreation

   • Popular for cruising, kayaking, and trekking, fjords boost ecotourism.
   • Example: Norway’s Geirangerfjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

5. Cultural and Historical Significance: Inhabited by indigenous communities, used as ancient trade routes.

6. Contrasts of Light and Shadow: Steep terrain and variable weather create constantly changing scenery—a favourite for photographers and artists.

Fjords are nature’s masterpieces shaped by the slow but powerful force of glaciation. Their geological uniqueness, ecological richness, and visual grandeur make them some of the most breathtaking and valuable landscapes on Earth.