Subject: Indian Society

India's social fabric continues to be deeply influenced by caste dynamics, as evidenced by recent NFHS-5 data (2019-21) showing persistent disparities in health outcomes across caste groups. The question of caste relevance in contemporary India requires a nuanced examination of various social, economic, and political dimensions.

Evidence of Continued Caste Relevance

Healthcare and Social Indicators

• Health Disparities: NFHS-5 data reveals that Dalit infants face 29% neonatal mortality compared to 20% among general castes, highlighting structural inequalities.
• Life Expectancy Gap: Scheduled Tribes face severe discrimination with a life expectancy of just 55 years, demonstrating persistent social exclusion.
• These disparities reflect deeper systemic issues in access to healthcare and social services.

Economic Dimensions

• Economic Exploitation: Recent cases highlight continued discrimination through practices like bonded labor and wage discrimination.
• Land Ownership: Disproportionate land alienation among Dalits and Scheduled Tribes perpetuates economic vulnerability.
• Urban Migration: Despite urbanization, caste networks influence job opportunities and social mobility.

Political and Legal Aspects

• Caste Census Debate: The Supreme Court's 2024 decision on socio-economic caste census reflects the ongoing political significance of caste.
• Bihar Caste Survey: The state's initiative demonstrates the continued relevance of caste data in policy-making.
• Reservation Policy: Continued demands for reservation highlight caste's role in addressing historical injustices.

Emerging Trends and Complexities

Modern Manifestations

• Digital Sphere: Caste discrimination has evolved into new forms on social media and matrimonial platforms.
• Educational Institutions: Recent studies show subtle forms of discrimination in premier institutions.
• Corporate Sector: Growing awareness about diversity and inclusion addressing caste-based discrimination.

While modernization and urbanization have somewhat altered traditional caste dynamics, recent data and events demonstrate that caste remains a crucial lens for understanding Indian society. The way forward lies in acknowledging these realities while strengthening institutional mechanisms for equality, as seen in initiatives like the Prevention of Atrocities Act and PM-DAKSH skill development scheme.