Subject: Indian Geography

Answer:

The fragile mountain ecosystems, particularly the Indian Himalayas, face unprecedented challenges from unplanned development and overtourism, necessitating immediate restoration measures to preserve their ecological balance and biodiversity.

Ecological Restoration Measures

• Scientific Forest Management:

  • Implementation of sustainable forest management practices through Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs.
  • Focus on native species plantation to prevent forest degradation, especially in states like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand where 61% of forest areas show depleted crown cover.

• Sustainable Tourism Practices:

  • Promotion of eco-tourism with controlled visitor numbers and designated trails.
  • Development of green infrastructure and waste management facilities.
  • Implementation of carrying capacity studies for popular tourist destinations.

Policy and Institutional Framework

• Mission-based Approach:

  • National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) for comprehensive ecosystem management.
  • National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) for research-based interventions.
  • Integration with Green India Mission for enhancing forest cover.

• Community Participation:

  • Empowerment of local communities through Van Panchayats and Biodiversity Management Committees.
  • Promotion of traditional knowledge in conservation practices.
  • Creation of alternative livelihood opportunities to reduce pressure on natural resources.

Technological and Innovation Solutions

• Monitoring and Assessment:

  • Use of satellite imagery and GIS mapping for real-time monitoring of ecosystem changes.
  • Implementation of early warning systems for natural disasters.

• Sustainable Infrastructure:

  • Adoption of green building codes for mountain regions.
  • Development of renewable energy solutions like micro-hydel projects.
  • Implementation of bioremediation techniques for waste management, similar to successful projects like Osho Teerth Park in Pune.

The restoration of mountain ecosystems requires a balanced approach between development and conservation. Success stories like the eco-restoration of Sembakkam Lake demonstrate that with proper planning, community involvement, and technological integration, it is possible to achieve sustainable development while preserving these vital ecosystems for future generations.