Subject: Indian Geography

The Indian monsoon system, a lifeline for millions, has been experiencing significant transformations due to anthropogenic modifications of the landscape, as evidenced by recent meteorological patterns and changing rainfall distributions.

Impact of Humanising Landscape on Monsoon

• Land Use Changes:

  • Rapid urbanization and concrete development have created urban heat islands.
  • Reduction in natural water bodies and wetlands has affected local moisture recycling patterns.
  • Agricultural intensification has modified the surface albedo and evapotranspiration rates.

• Deforestation and Forest Degradation:

  • Loss of dense forest cover has disrupted the traditional monsoon wind patterns.
  • Reduced vegetation cover has affected the moisture-holding capacity of soil.
  • Recent government reports indicate conflicting trends with some regions showing increased forest cover while others facing significant degradation.

Observable Changes in Monsoon Behavior

• Rainfall Distribution:

  • According to IMD data (2023), India received 95% of its Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall.
  • Regional variations show Northwest (101%), Central (100%), South Peninsula (92%), and Northeast (82%) of their respective LPAs.
  • The core monsoon zone maintained 101% of its LPA, indicating spatial inconsistency.

• Temporal Changes:

  • Development of three distinct substages in both summer and winter monsoons.
  • Increased frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods.
  • Changes in onset and withdrawal patterns affecting agricultural calendars.

Way Forward and Adaptation Strategies

• Implementation of urban forestry programs to restore natural landscape features.
• Promotion of water-sensitive urban design to improve local water cycles.
• Development of climate-resilient agricultural practices aligned with changing monsoon patterns.
• Strengthening meteorological infrastructure for better prediction and preparedness.

The changing behavior of the Indian monsoon, deeply intertwined with human modifications of the landscape, necessitates urgent attention through integrated approaches like the National Action Plan on Climate Change and Green India Mission to ensure sustainable development while preserving our natural systems.