Corruption, the misuse of public power for private gain, exists across the socioeconomic spectrum. While poverty can create vulnerabilities, affluence doesn't preclude unethical conduct. This necessitates examining the root causes of corruption.

Institutional Weakness

Weak institutions and a lack of rule of law create an environment where corruption can thrive. Plato, in The Republic, emphasized the importance of justice and a well-ordered state to prevent corruption.

• Lack of effective oversight: Absence of independent oversight bodies allows corruption to go unchecked. Example: The Satyam scandal exposed weaknesses in corporate governance and regulatory oversight in India.
• Cumbersome bureaucratic processes: Complex procedures incentivize bribery to expedite processes. Example: The "License Raj" era in India fostered corruption due to excessive regulations.
• Judicial delays: Delayed justice undermines faith in the system, encouraging extra-legal solutions. Example: The long pendency of cases in Indian courts often compels individuals to resort to bribery.

Cultural and Social Factors

Certain cultural norms and social values can normalize corrupt practices. Kautilya's Arthashastra acknowledges the human tendency towards corruption and prescribes strict punishments as deterrents.

• Tolerance of corruption: A societal acceptance of minor corruption can escalate to larger acts of malfeasance. Example: The normalization of petty bribery for traffic violations can erode public trust.
• Patronage and nepotism: Favoring relatives and associates over merit undermines fairness and transparency. Example: The 2G spectrum allocation scam in India highlighted the dangers of cronyism.
• Lack of ethical leadership: Leaders who engage in corrupt practices set a negative example for others. Example: The Watergate scandal involving US President Richard Nixon eroded public trust in the government.

Conclusion

Combating corruption requires strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and fostering a culture of ethics. Empowering citizens, ensuring accountability, and implementing effective anti-corruption mechanisms are crucial for building a just and equitable society, reflecting the values enshrined in the Indian Constitution's Preamble.