This model answer addresses the key distinctions between gender equality, gender equity, and women’s empowerment, focusing on the GS1 syllabus themes related to social justice and gender issues. The answer also highlights the importance of incorporating gender concerns in policy and program design for creating more inclusive and effective outcomes.
Q8. Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women's empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation?
Model Answer:
Introduction
Gender equality, equity, and women’s empowerment are fundamental for achieving inclusive and sustainable development. Below is a table outlining the differences between the three concepts:
Body
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Aspect
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Gender Equality
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Gender Equity
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Women’s Empowerment
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Meaning
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Equal rights and opportunities for all genders.
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Fair treatment based on respective needs.
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Increasing the capacity of women to make choices.
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Constitutional Basis
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Article 14 ensures equality before the law for all.
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Article 15 allows affirmative action for weaker sections, including women.
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Supported by Directive Principles (Article 39), promoting equal opportunities.
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|
Policies Needed
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Anti-discrimination laws, and equal pay legislation (e.g., Equal Remuneration Act, 1976).
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Affirmative actions, such as 33% women’s reservation in parliament and legislative assemblies.
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Programs like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao focus on education and autonomy.
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Focus
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Uniform treatment ensures the same opportunities for all.
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Fairness and justice, considering different starting points.
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Capacity building and enhancing autonomy.
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Outcome
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Equal participation across all spheres.
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Equitable outcomes based on specific needs.
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Increased decision-making power and self-reliance.
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Example
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Equal pay for equal work in public and private sectors (e.g., Article 39(d)).
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Reservation in education and jobs for women.
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Self-help groups and microfinance initiatives empowering women.
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Importance of Gender Concerns in Program Design:
- Healthcare: Women face unique health challenges; maternal mortality in India is 113 per 100,000 births (WHO), highlighting the need for gender-sensitive health policies.
- Education: Gender-focused educational programs can bridge the literacy gap. According to Census 2011, female literacy in India is 65.46% compared to 82.14% for males.
- Economic Participation: Women’s workforce participation in India is 27% (World Bank), and targeted programs are essential to improve this.
Social Inclusion: Gender-sensitive programs help reduce discrimination, promoting equity in society.
Conclusion
By focusing on gender equity, equality, and empowerment through policies like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and Mahila E-Haat, India can ensure inclusive development, and stronger socio-economic growth.
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