Statement 1 is incorrect: The concept of a stupa predates Buddhism; it originally served as a pre-Buddhist burial mound. However, it was later adopted and popularized by Buddhism as a key religious monument.

Statement 2 is correct: A stupa typically housed relics of the Buddha or revered monks, serving as a sacred repository.

Statement 3 is correct: Stupas also functioned as votive and commemorative structures, built to honor significant events or express devotion.