Subject: Governance

Development and welfare schemes for vulnerable sections, through their targeted approach, exemplify the principle of "substantive equality" rather than mere formal equality. The debate centers around whether such positive discrimination truly serves its intended purpose of uplifting marginalized sections.

Nature and Purpose of Welfare Schemes

• Targeted Approach: Welfare schemes focus on specific vulnerable groups to address their unique challenges and needs (e.g., eShram portal registering over 306.8 million unorganized workers with 53.68% being women).

• Resource Allocation: Dedicated budgetary provisions like Rs 13,611 crore for the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment demonstrate the government's commitment to vulnerable sections.

• Constitutional Mandate: These schemes align with Article 38 which directs the state to minimize inequalities and Article 46 which promotes educational and economic interests of weaker sections.

Justification for Discriminatory Approach

• Historical Disadvantages: Targeted welfare addresses historical injustices and structural inequalities faced by marginalized communities.

• Economic Disparities: Focused interventions help bridge the economic gap (e.g., 806.7 million people receiving free food grains under government schemes).

• Social Protection: India's social protection coverage doubled to 48.8% in 2024, covering 920 million people under various schemes.

Challenges and Solutions

• Implementation Issues:

  • Poor targeting and bureaucratic delays affect efficiency.
  • Digital divide impacts access to benefits.
  • Solution: Strengthening Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mechanisms for better transparency.

• Judicial Oversight:

  • Supreme Court interventions in welfare matters ensure accountability.
  • Recent judgments on widow's pension and child welfare demonstrate judicial commitment.

Way Forward

• Technology Integration: Leveraging technology for better targeting and reduced leakages.
• Capacity Building: Strengthening institutional mechanisms for efficient delivery.
• Regular Assessment: Periodic review of schemes' effectiveness and impact.

The discriminatory approach in welfare schemes is not just justified but essential for achieving true equality. As evidenced by initiatives like Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana and enhanced social protection coverage, such targeted interventions are crucial for inclusive development and realizing the constitutional vision of an equitable society.