Subject: Environment & Ecology

India's commitment to wetland conservation has gained significant momentum through comprehensive policy frameworks and international recognition of its diverse wetland ecosystems.

National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)

• The programme operates under the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) with a substantial budget allocation of ₹1,500 crore in 2023-24 for wetland and lake conservation.

• Key Components:

  • Management and conservation of identified wetlands through integrated approach.
  • Promotion of sustainable utilization of wetland resources.
  • Implementation of conservation activities through a participatory approach.
  • Regular monitoring and assessment of wetland health.

Implementation Strategy

• Focuses on both regulatory and developmental measures:
  • Scientific research and studies on wetland ecosystems.
  • Capacity building of stakeholders and local communities.
  • Creation of awareness about wetland values and functions.
  • Integration with other conservation programmes like Protected Area Network.

India's Ramsar Sites

• As of 2025, India has 89 Ramsar sites of international importance, showcasing the country's rich wetland diversity.

• Notable Recent Additions (2023-25):

  • Tamil Nadu: Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary.
  • Sikkim: Khecheopalri Wetland.
  • Jharkhand: Udhwa Lake.

• Significance:

  • These sites form part of India's protected area network covering 175,169.42 square kilometers (5.32% of geographical area).
  • They support unique biodiversity and provide crucial ecosystem services.
  • Act as natural buffers against climate change impacts.

The success of NWCP and increasing number of Ramsar sites reflect India's commitment to wetland conservation. The integration of these efforts with broader environmental goals like SDG 15 (Life on Land) and the National Biodiversity Targets demonstrates a holistic approach towards ecological preservation. The recent additions of Ramsar sites and enhanced budgetary support show promising progress in wetland conservation efforts.