Subject: Environment & Ecology

Global warming represents one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, with 2024 recording the highest global temperatures at 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Global Warming and Its Effects

• Rising Temperatures:

  • Unprecedented heat waves and temperature anomalies affecting ecosystems.
  • Sea level rise of 8-9 inches since 1880, with acceleration to 0.14 inches annually (2006-2015).
  • Melting of polar ice caps and glacial retreat in mountainous regions.

• Climate System Disruption:

  • Altered precipitation patterns leading to extreme weather events.
  • Intensification of natural disasters like cyclones and droughts.
  • Impact on biodiversity and species migration patterns.

• Socio-Economic Impacts:

  • Threats to food security and agricultural productivity.
  • Displacement of coastal communities due to rising sea levels.
  • Economic losses from climate-related disasters.

Control Measures under Kyoto Protocol

• Emission Reduction Mechanisms:

  • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) promoting sustainable development in developing nations.
  • Joint Implementation (JI) allowing developed countries to earn emission reduction units.
  • International Emissions Trading facilitating carbon credit exchange.

• Policy Interventions:

  • Implementation of carbon pricing and taxation systems.
  • Promotion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
  • Development of energy-efficient technologies and green infrastructure.

• International Cooperation:

  • Setting binding emission reduction targets for developed nations.
  • Financial and technological support to developing countries.
  • Regular monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions.

Way Forward

• Recent data indicates emissions must peak before 2025 and decline 43% by 2030 to limit warming to 1.5°C.
  • Enhanced focus on nature-based solutions.
  • Strengthening international climate finance mechanisms.
  • Accelerating transition to low-carbon economies.

The urgency of addressing global warming requires immediate and coordinated action through frameworks like the Paris Agreement and COP28, building upon the foundation laid by the Kyoto Protocol to achieve meaningful emission reductions and climate resilience.