Subject: Internal Security

The persistent challenge of Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in Eastern India has evolved as a complex socio-economic and security challenge, with its roots deeply embedded in historical inequalities and governance deficits. Recent data shows a decline in Naxal-affected districts from 126 in 2013 to 18 in 2025, highlighting both progress and persistent challenges.

Determinants of Left-Wing Extremism

Socio-Economic Factors:

• Development Deficit: Lack of basic infrastructure, healthcare, and education facilities in tribal areas creates a breeding ground for extremist ideologies.
• Land Alienation: Displacement of tribal communities due to mining and industrial projects without adequate rehabilitation.
• Poverty and Unemployment: High rates of rural poverty and lack of livelihood opportunities fuel recruitment by Naxal groups.

Administrative Factors:

• Governance Vacuum: Weak presence of civil administration in remote areas leads to parallel governance systems by extremist groups.
• Forest Rights Issues: Inadequate implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006 creates discontent among forest-dwelling communities.
• Poor Infrastructure: Limited connectivity and communication facilities hamper development initiatives.

Strategy for Counter-Response

Security Measures:

• Coordinated Operations: Implementation of inter-state joint operations through Operation Green Hunt and SAMADHAN doctrine.
• Intelligence Network: Strengthening human intelligence networks and technical surveillance capabilities.
• Capacity Building: Enhanced training and modernization of state police forces through the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme.

Administrative Interventions:

• Development Initiatives: Implementation of the Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) and Integrated Action Plan (IAP) in affected areas.
• Infrastructure Development: Focus on road connectivity, communication networks, and basic amenities through Special Infrastructure Schemes.
• Good Governance: Strengthening local administration and ensuring effective delivery of public services.

Social Measures:

• Rehabilitation Policy: Comprehensive surrender and rehabilitation policy for extremists.
• Skill Development: Implementation of vocational training programs for youth through National Skill Development Corporation.
• Tribal Rights: Effective implementation of PESA Act and forest rights legislation.

A multi-pronged strategy combining security measures with development initiatives and social reforms is crucial for addressing the LWE challenge. The success of programs like SRE and IAP, which have contributed to reducing affected districts from 38 in 2024 to 18 in 2025, demonstrates the effectiveness of this integrated approach in tackling left-wing extremism.