Subject: Internal Security

The North-Eastern region of India has witnessed prolonged insurgency due to its complex ethnic, geographical, and socio-economic factors. The recent peace agreement with the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) in 2023 marks a significant milestone in addressing these challenges, yet multiple insurgent groups continue to operate in the region.

Root Causes of Insurgency

Ethnic and Cultural Factors:

• Identity Politics: Deep-rooted fears of cultural assimilation and loss of indigenous identity among various ethnic groups.
• Linguistic Concerns: Perceived dominance of mainstream languages threatening local dialects and cultural expressions.
• Tribal Rights: Conflicts over traditional land ownership and resource management systems.

Geographical Factors:

• Strategic Location: The region shares international borders with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and China, making it vulnerable to cross-border insurgency.
• Challenging Terrain: Dense forests and mountainous landscape provide natural hideouts for insurgent groups.
• Poor Connectivity: Limited infrastructure development hampering economic integration with mainland India.

Socio-Economic Dimensions:

• Economic Disparity: Despite allocation of ₹5,100 crore in FY 2023-24 for development, the region faces unemployment and underdevelopment.
• Resource Distribution: Disputes over natural resources and their exploitation leading to local grievances.
• Limited Opportunities: Lack of industrial development and job opportunities fueling youth participation in insurgency.

Administrative and Political Factors:

Governance Issues:

• AFSPA Implementation: Controversial application of Armed Forces Special Powers Act creating trust deficit between locals and security forces.
• Centre-State Relations: Perceived political and administrative neglect by the central government.
• Corruption: Mismanagement of development funds affecting implementation of welfare schemes.

The survival of insurgency can be attributed to the complex interplay of these factors. Recent initiatives like the Bodo Accord and Karbi Anglong Agreement demonstrate the government's commitment to peace, but a comprehensive approach addressing socio-economic development, cultural preservation, and security concerns remains crucial for lasting peace in the region.