Subject: Science & Technology

Answer:

India's journey in nuclear science and technology represents a remarkable transformation from a nascent program to achieving self-reliance in nuclear capabilities, marked by the vision of Dr. Homi Bhabha's three-stage nuclear program.

Growth and Development of Nuclear Science in India

Historical Evolution:

• Establishment of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1948 laid the foundation for nuclear research and development.
• Apsara Research Reactor, Asia's first nuclear reactor, became operational in 1956, demonstrating India's early commitment to nuclear technology.
• The development of PURNIMA series reactors showcased indigenous capabilities in reactor design and operation.

Current Status and Achievements:

• India currently operates 23 nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of 8,180 MW as of January 2025.
• Ambitious plans to expand nuclear capacity to 22,480 MW by 2031-32 and 100 GW by 2047.
• Recent Nuclear Energy Mission with allocation of ₹20,000 crore focuses on developing Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).

Fast Breeder Reactor Programme Advantages

Resource Optimization:

• Enables efficient utilization of India's vast thorium reserves through conversion to fissile U-233.
• Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam (500 MWe) represents a crucial step in this direction.

Strategic Benefits:

• Ensures energy security through indigenous technology development.
• Reduces dependency on imported uranium through closed fuel cycle approach.

Technological Advancement:

• Development of advanced reactor technologies through international collaborations (e.g., February 2025 agreement with France).
• Promotes self-reliance in nuclear technology and expertise.

India's nuclear program, supported by recent initiatives like the US-India 123 Civil Nuclear Agreement and focus on indigenous SMR technology (Bharat Small Reactors), demonstrates a commitment to sustainable energy development while maintaining technological sovereignty. The success of the Fast Breeder Programme will be crucial in achieving India's ambitious nuclear energy goals and ensuring long-term energy security.