Subject: Environment & Ecology

The global challenge of climate change poses significant threats to India's diverse geographical regions, ecosystems, and socio-economic fabric. According to India's updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of 2022, the country aims to reduce emissions intensity by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030, highlighting the urgency of addressing climate impacts.

Impact on India's Geography and Economy

• Agricultural Vulnerability: Climate change affects crop yields, food security, and rural livelihoods through erratic rainfall patterns and extreme weather events.
• Water Stress: Rising temperatures lead to altered precipitation patterns, affecting water availability for agriculture, industry, and domestic use.
• Biodiversity Loss: Changing climate threatens India's rich biodiversity, impacting both flora and fauna in various ecosystems.
• Economic Implications: Climate-induced disasters cause significant economic losses, affecting infrastructure and development projects.

Impact on Himalayan States

• Glacial Retreat: Accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers threatens water security and hydropower generation.
• State-wise Vulnerability: According to recent studies (2024), Assam and Jammu & Kashmir are identified as highly vulnerable states, while Sikkim shows relatively lower vulnerability.
• Natural Disasters: Increased frequency of landslides, flash floods, and cloudbursts poses risks to mountain communities.
• Biodiversity Changes: Shifting vegetation patterns and wildlife habitats affect traditional livelihoods and ecosystem services.

Impact on Coastal States

• Coastal Erosion: The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) reports that 33.6% of India's coastline is vulnerable to erosion.
• Regional Variations: In Karnataka's Dakshina Kannada district, 48.4% of the coastline has eroded over three decades.
• Sea Level Rise: Threatens coastal infrastructure, settlements, and livelihoods of fishing communities.
• Saltwater Intrusion: Affects coastal agriculture and freshwater availability in coastal aquifers.

India's response to these challenges through its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and state-specific adaptation strategies demonstrates a commitment to building climate resilience while pursuing sustainable development goals. The implementation of Green India Mission and coastal zone management plans will be crucial in protecting vulnerable regions and communities.