Subject: International Relations

The recurring challenge of cross-border terrorism and Pakistan's interference in internal affairs has severely impacted the functioning of SAARC, as evidenced by the absence of summit-level meetings since 2016. The organization's effectiveness has been particularly compromised due to deteriorating India-Pakistan relations and regional security concerns.

Impact of Cross-Border Terrorism

• Security Challenges: The rise of terrorist activities, particularly by groups like Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), has created an atmosphere of distrust and instability in the region.

• Summit Disruptions: Multiple SAARC summits have been boycotted by member states including India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Bhutan due to security concerns and Pakistan's alleged support to terrorist activities.

• Economic Implications: Cross-border terrorism has hampered regional trade and connectivity initiatives like the SAARC Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) and Motor Vehicles Agreement.

Pakistan's Interference in Internal Affairs

• Political Instability: Pakistan's alleged involvement in supporting insurgent groups has led to political instability in neighboring countries.

• Diplomatic Tensions: The 2023 withdrawal of India from SAARC activities, supported by most member states, highlights the growing diplomatic isolation of Pakistan.

• Regional Integration: Pakistan's actions have undermined key SAARC initiatives like the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism (1987) and its 2004 Additional Protocol.

Future Implications for SAARC

• Alternative Forums: Member states are increasingly focusing on alternative regional groupings like BIMSTEC and BBIN for regional cooperation.

• Implementation Challenges: The lack of consensus among member states has hampered the effective implementation of counter-terrorism measures agreed upon in the 2010 Thimphu Summit.

• Institutional Paralysis: The organization faces institutional paralysis with no summit-level meetings since 2016, affecting regional cooperation initiatives.

The future of SAARC remains uncertain as evidenced by the 2024 statement of India's External Affairs Minister identifying cross-border terrorism as the main reason for SAARC's stagnation. However, initiatives like the Southasia Peace Action Network (2025) demonstrate regional willingness to address these challenges through peaceful dialogue and cooperation.