Subject: Modern History

Answer:

The struggle for India's freedom witnessed diverse approaches from nationalist leaders, with Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi representing two distinct ideological paths towards independence. While Gandhi advocated non-violent resistance, Bose believed in militant nationalism and sought international support to overthrow British rule.

Ideological Differences

• Non-violence vs. Armed Struggle: Gandhi's principle of Ahimsa and Satyagraha contrasted with Bose's militant approach through Indian National Army (INA) and alliance with Axis powers during World War II.
• Political Philosophy: Gandhi emphasized moral force and self-reliance through movements like Swadeshi and Constructive Programme, while Bose focused on military strength and international diplomacy.
• Vision of Independent India: Gandhi promoted Gram Swaraj and decentralized development, whereas Bose advocated for a strong centralized state with socialist economic policies.

Methods and Strategies

• Mass Mobilization: Gandhi's approach involved inclusive participation through movements like Non-Cooperation (1920) and Civil Disobedience (1930), while Bose focused on military recruitment and Forward Bloc formation.
• International Relations: Gandhi maintained distance from foreign powers, while Bose sought support from Germany and Japan, establishing the Azad Hind Government in 1943.
• Leadership Style: Gandhi emphasized collective leadership through Congress Working Committee, while Bose believed in decisive individual leadership as evident in his role as INA Supreme Commander.

Impact and Legacy

• National Movement: Gandhi's methods led to mass awakening and widespread participation, while Bose's actions inspired revolutionary nationalism and military patriotism.
• British Response: Gandhi's movements resulted in legislative reforms like Government of India Act 1935, while Bose's INA trials sparked Naval Mutiny of 1946.
• Post-Independence Influence: Gandhi's principles influenced Panchayati Raj and decentralization, while Bose's legacy inspired military modernization and strategic autonomy.

Both leaders, despite their contrasting approaches, made significant contributions to India's independence struggle. Their methods, though different, complemented each other by presenting both moral and militant challenges to British rule. Their legacies continue to influence modern India's governance principles, military doctrine, and international relations, demonstrating the multifaceted nature of India's freedom movement.