Subject: Disaster Management

India's vulnerability to earthquakes has heightened in recent years, with 12 significant earthquakes (above magnitude 5.0) recorded in 2024 alone, necessitating a critical examination of the nation's earthquake preparedness and response mechanisms.

Current Status and Vulnerabilities

• Seismic Risk Profile: Nearly 59% of India's landmass is prone to earthquakes of varying intensities, spanning across multiple seismic zones (Zone II to Zone V).

• Economic Impact: Natural catastrophes caused losses exceeding $12 billion in 2023, highlighting the substantial financial vulnerability to disasters.

• Infrastructure Concerns: Rapid urbanization and non-compliance with building codes have increased vulnerability, exemplified by 4,183 notices issued in Gurgaon's DLF areas for illegal construction.

Gaps in Preparedness

• Building Code Implementation:

  • Weak enforcement of National Building Code standards.
  • Limited retrofitting of existing structures despite mandates (e.g., PWD Delhi's retrofitting order for essential buildings).

• Resource Allocation:

  • Despite allocation of $6 billion for disaster risk mitigation and $23 billion for preparedness (2021-2025), implementation remains suboptimal.
  • Additional funding of Rs 3027.86 crore sanctioned for state-level disaster mitigation needs proper utilization.

Mitigation Measures and Way Forward

• Technical Solutions:

  • Implementation of Early Warning Systems (EWS) using advanced seismic monitoring.
  • Regular structural audits and retrofitting of critical infrastructure.

• Capacity Building:

  • Strengthening National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) capabilities.
  • Enhanced community preparedness through mock drills and awareness programs.

• Policy Interventions:

  • Strict enforcement of Building Codes and Zoning Regulations.
  • Integration of disaster resilience in urban planning through National Disaster Management Plan.

The recent allocation of Rs 1115 crore for mitigation and capacity-building projects shows commitment, but success depends on effective implementation through coordinated efforts of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and state agencies, alongside robust community participation and awareness.