Subject: Science & Technology

Answer:

Run-of-the-river (RoR) hydroelectricity projects represent a sustainable approach to hydropower generation that harnesses the natural flow of rivers with minimal environmental impact. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, these projects utilize river flows for power generation with limited pondage capacity to meet daily or weekly power demand variations.

Key Features of Run-of-the-River Projects

• Limited Water Storage: Unlike traditional projects, RoR systems store water for 18-20 hours and release it for 4-6 hours daily for power generation, as per Ministry of Power guidelines.
• Natural Flow Utilization: These projects divert a portion of river's flow through specially designed channels called penstocks to spin turbines.
• Minimal Environmental Impact: The projects maintain ecological flow and require less submergence area compared to conventional hydropower plants.
• Quick Implementation: Shorter construction time and lower capital costs make them more economically viable.

Differences from Conventional Hydroelectric Projects

• Dam Structure:

  • RoR projects use small diversion structures or weirs.
  • Conventional projects need large dams and reservoirs for water storage.

• Environmental Impact:

  • RoR projects cause minimal displacement and forest submergence.
  • Traditional projects often lead to large-scale submergence and ecosystem disruption.

• Power Generation:

  • RoR generation depends on seasonal river flow.
  • Conventional plants provide consistent power through stored water.

• Cost and Time:

  • RoR projects are cost-effective and quickly implemented.
  • Traditional projects require higher investments and longer construction periods.

The future of hydropower in India lies in the balanced development of both RoR and conventional projects. While RoR projects align with sustainable development goals and India's COP26 commitments, they complement the grid stability provided by traditional hydroelectric plants. Examples like Teesta-V in Sikkim demonstrate how RoR projects can successfully balance power generation with environmental conservation.