Subject: Environment & Ecology

India's water management framework has evolved significantly to address mounting challenges of water security and pollution. The comprehensive approach encompasses policy measures, river rejuvenation initiatives, and waste management regulations.

National Water Policy of India

• Policy Framework: The National Water Policy 2012 recognizes India's limited water resources (4% of global renewable water) despite supporting 18% of world population.

• Key Components:

  • Prioritizes water for drinking and domestic needs.
  • Promotes Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).
  • Emphasizes climate change adaptation and water use efficiency.
  • Advocates for River Basin Management approach.
  • Encourages community participation in water management.

Strategies for River Ganges Pollution Control

• Infrastructure Development:

  • Creation of new Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with 2,569 MLD capacity.
  • Rehabilitation of existing STPs (875 MLD capacity).
  • Implementation of 4,542 km sewer network under Namami Gange Programme.

• Monitoring and Assessment:

  • Regular monitoring of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels.
  • Tracking of faecal coliform levels, especially during mass gatherings.
  • Implementation of Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring.

• Community Engagement:

  • Public participation through Ganga Praharis.
  • Industrial compliance monitoring.
  • Urban local body involvement in maintenance.

Legal Framework for Hazardous Waste Management

• Regulatory Framework:

  • Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules, 2016 with amendments (2022-24).
  • Guidelines for transboundary movement of hazardous materials.
  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) implementation.

• Implementation Mechanisms:

  • State Pollution Control Boards as monitoring authorities.
  • Mandatory authorization for handling hazardous waste.
  • Regular environmental audits and compliance checks.

The comprehensive approach to water management and pollution control in India, exemplified through the Ganges rejuvenation program and hazardous waste management rules, demonstrates a robust framework. However, successful implementation requires continued coordination between Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), state authorities, and stakeholders for achieving sustainable outcomes.